Słowa kluczowe
przebaczenie grupowe
grupa represjonowana
grupa przestępcza
rola identyfikacji społecznej członków grupy ofiar
poczucie przynależności
identyfikacje narodowe
grupa represjonowana
grupa przestępcza
rola identyfikacji społecznej członków grupy ofiar
poczucie przynależności
identyfikacje narodowe
Jak cytować
Hamer, K., & Penczek, M. (2016). Wybaczanie międzygrupowe a szerokie identyfikacje społeczne. Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides Et Ratio, 26(2), 112-127. Pobrano z https://fidesetratio.com.pl/ojs/index.php/FetR/article/view/757
Język / Language
Słowa kluczowe
Abstrakt
Intergroup forgiveness may be granted by members of a victimized group to members of a transgressing group, even if the transgression took place a very long time ago, and all actors and witnesses of atrocities in question are already dead. This makes such secondhand forgiveness different from interpersonal forgiveness, but still some elements are similar, including beneficial effects of forgiveness or the role of sincere and satisfactory apology and repent of the transgressors. However, people may differ in their willingness to grant such forgiveness.
The article focuses on the role of social identifications of victim-group members and presents studies in this area. It also describes the mixed results on the role of ingroup identification, e.g. national, and shows possible explanations. The authors argue that it may be due to a complex character of national identification, consisting of a general sense of belonging (shared with supranational identifications, like European or human) fostering forgiveness, and a more specific sense of distinctiveness, hindering it, especially while connected to collective narcissism. Supranational identifications on the other hand have clearly positive role in intergroup forgiveness, both when treated as stable characteristics as well as when evoked experimentally. Authors show that the lowest level of identification including both victims and perpetrators is a sufficient factor fostering forgiveness.
Bibliografia
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Hamer, K. (w druku). Identification with all humanity and its psychological background. W: M. Klicperova-Baker (red.) Humanism and democracy across borders of countries and disciplines, San Diego: Montezuma Publishing, San Diego State University.
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Bono, G., McCullough, M. E., & Root, L. M. (2008). Forgiveness, feeling connected to others, and well‐being: Two longitudinal studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 182–195. DOI: 10.1177/0146167207310025.
Boski, P., & Penczek-Zapała, M. (2015). Difficult neighbourhoods: Wrestling with the history of Polish-German and Polish-Russian relations. Ceskoslovenska Psychologie, 59, 100-109.
Brewer, M. B. (1999). The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55, 429-429. DOI: 10.1111/0022-4537.00126.
Brewer, M. B. (2007). The importance of being we: Human nature and intergroup relations. American Psychologist, 62, 728-738. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.62.8.728.
Brown, R. (2000). Social identity theory: past achievements, current problems and future challenges. European Journal of Social Psychology. 30 745-778. DOI: 10.1002/1099-0992(200011/12).
Brown, R. P., Wohl, M. J., & Exline, J. J. (2008). Taking up offenses: secondhand forgiveness and group identification, Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1406-19. DOI: 10.1177/0146167208321538.
Campbell, W. K., Bonacci, A. M., Shelton, J., Exline, J. J., & Bushman, B. J. (2004). Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and validation of a new self-report measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83, 29–45.
Cehajic, S., Brown, R., & Castano, E. (2008). Forgive and forget? Antecedents and consequences of intergroup forgiveness in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Political Psychology, 29, 351-367. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00634.x.
Cunningham, G. B., & Chelladurai, P. (2004). Affective reactions to cross-functional teams: the impact of size, relative performance, and common ingroup identity. Group Dynamics, 8 83-97, DOI: 10.1037/1089-2699.8.2.83.
Dovidio, J.F., Gaertner, S.L., & Saguy, T. (2007). Another view of "we": Majority and minority group perspectives on a common ingroup identity. European Review of Social Psychology, 18, 296-330.
Eller, A., & Abrams, D. (2004). Come together: longitudinal comparisons of Pettigrew's reformulated intergroup contact model and the common ingroup identity model in Anglo-French and Mexican-American contexts. European Journal of Social Psychology. 34 229-256. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.194.
Erikson, E. (1968). Identity, youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Gaertner, S., & Dovidio, J. F. (2000). Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J. A., Dovidio, J. F., Murrell, A. J., & Pomare, M. (1990). How does cooperation reduce intergroup bias? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 692-704. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.59.4.692.
Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J., Murrell, A., & Dovidio, J. F. (1989). Reducing intergroup bias: The benefits of recategorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 239-249. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.239.
Gaertner, S. L., Rust, M. C., Dovidio, J. F., Bachman, B. A., & Anastasio, P. A. (1994). The contact hypothesis: The role of a common ingroup identity on reducing intergroup bias. Small Group Research, 25, 224-249. DOI: 10.1177/1046496494252005.
Golec de Zavala, A., Cichocka, A., & Bilewicz, M. (2013). The paradox of ingroup love: differentiating collective narcissism advances understanding of the relationship between ingroup and outgroup attitudes. Journal of Personality. 81, 16-28. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00779.x.
Greenaway, K. H., Quinn, E. A., & Louis, W. R. (2011). Appealing to common humanity increases forgiveness but reduces collective action among victims of historical atrocities. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 569-573. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.802.
Hamber, B. (2007), Forgiveness and reconciliation: paradise lost or pragmatism? Peace & Conflict, 13, 115-125, DOI: 10.1080/10781910701226626.
Hamer, K. (2011). Volunteers and their social identities. Paper presented at the XXXIV Annual Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology. Turcja: Stambuł.
Hamer, K. (2015). Predictors of broad social identifications. Research report. Warszawa: Instytut Psychologii PAN.
Hamer, K. (w druku). Identification with all humanity and its psychological background. W: M. Klicperova-Baker (red.) Humanism and democracy across borders of countries and disciplines, San Diego: Montezuma Publishing, San Diego State University.
Hamer, K., & Gutowski, J. (2009). Social identifications and pro-social activity in Poland, W: S. Scuzzarello, S., Kinnvall, C., & Monroe, K. (red.) On behalf of others: the psychology of care in a global world. (str. 163-183). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.
Hamer K., Penczek M., & Bilewicz M. (2014). Mutual relationship of national and supranational identifications with forgiveness: lights and shades of national identification. Paper presented at ISPP annual convention, Rome.
Hanke, K. (2009). Victim and perpetrator perspectives in post world war II contexts: Intergroup forgiveness and historical closure in Europe and East Asia. Nieopublikowana praca doktorska. University of Wellington, Australia.
Hanke, K., Liu, J. H., Hilton, D. J., Bilewicz, M., Garber, I., Huang, L., Gastardo-Conaco, C. & Wang, F. (2013). When the past haunts the present: Intergroup forgiveness and historical closure in post World War II societies in Asia and in Europe. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37, 287-301. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.05.003.
Hargrave, T. D., & Sells, J. N. (1997). The development of a Forgiveness Scale. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 23, 41–62. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.1997.tb00230.x
Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., Voci, A., Hamberger, J., & Niens, U. (2006). Intergroup contact, forgiveness, and experience of “the troubles” in Northern Ireland. Journal of Social Issues. 62, 99-120. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00441.x.
Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., Voci, A., McLernon, F., Niens, U., & Noor, M. (2004). Intergroup forgiveness and guilt in Northern Ireland: social psychological dimensions of the troubles? W: N. R. Branscombe & B. Doosje (red.), Collective Guilt: International Perspectives. (str. 193-215). Cambridge University Press.
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