Słowa kluczowe
efekt czasu
intymność
komunikacja
małżeństwo
zachowania w kłótni.
intymność
komunikacja
małżeństwo
zachowania w kłótni.
Jak cytować
Jarecka, K. (2022). The age of partners and the duration of the relationship versus the quality of close emotional relationships . Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides Et Ratio, 49(1), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v49i1.1042
Język / Language
Słowa kluczowe
Abstrakt
The quality of emotional relationships depends on the individual characteristics of the partners but, above all, on the relational factors responsible for integrating or risking disintegrating the relationship. Their assessment requires taking a time perspective into account. Each lasting relationship experiences changes in its quality, which may be related to the age of the partners and the time of their life together.
The aim of the research was to assess the connection between the age of partners and the length of their relationship and the quality of close relationships, including mutual communication, intimacy and conflict behaviour. They are recognised as key to the quality of the relationship, but it is still open to question how they change over time.
The study involved 696 people aged 20-68, including 360 women and 336 men. The respondents were classified into three groups significant for human development, including 16-year age ranges. In the first group, there were 240 people aged 20-35 years (i.e., in early adulthood), the second group consisted of 276 people aged 36-51 years (which is considered appropriate for middle adulthood), and the third group of 180 people aged 52-68 (i.e., in the period associated with the second half of middle age and entering late adulthood). The respondents were in a lasting relationship from one year to 47 years.
The research used a socio-demographic survey questionnaire and K. Halweg's Partner Relations Questionnaire in the Polish adaptation of I. Janicka.
It was found that with the age of the partners and duration of the relationship, the number of conflict behaviours increase and the intimacy and mutual communication important for its integration weakens. The most vulnerable to these types of changes are spouses in the second half of middle adulthood and entering old age. Potential processes driving these findings are discussed.
The age of the partners and the related seniority of the relationship may lead to changes in its quality. However, they cannot be regarded as sufficient to assess changes in close relationships.
Bibliografia
Birditt, K.S., Brown, E., Orbuch, T.L., McIlvane, J.M. (2010). Marital conflict behaviors and implications for divorce over 16 years. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 1188 –1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741- 3737.2010.00758.x
Birditt, K.S, Newton, N.J, Cranford, J.A, Ryan, L.H. (2016). Stress and Negative Relationship Quality among Older Couples: Implications for Blood Pressure. Journal Gerontology;71(5):775-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25852106?dopt
Birditt, K.S., Wan, W.H., Orbuch, T.L., Antonucci, T.C. (2017). The development of marital tension: Implications for divorce among married couples. Developmental Psychology, 53(10), 1995-2006. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000379
Brzezińska, A., Appelt, K., Ziółkowska, B. (2016) Psychologia rozwoju człowieka [Psychology of human development]. Sopot: GWP.
Dandurand, C., Lafontaine, M.F. (2013). Intimacy and Couple Satisfaction: The Moderating Role of Romantic Attachment. International Journal of Psychological Studies,1, 74-90. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v5n1p74
Dakowicz, A., Dakowicz, L. (2021). The quality of marital communication of spouses with a higher and lower level of satisfaction with their relationship. Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides Et Ratio, 46(2), 129-141. https://doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v46i2.797
Donoho, C.J., Seeman, T.E., Sloan, R.P.,Crimmins, E.M.(2015). Marital status, marital quality, and heart rate variability in the MIDUS cohort. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(2), 290-295. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000068
Duxbury, L., Chiggins, Ch. (2001). Work-life balance in the new millennium: Where are we? Where do we need go? Work Network, Canadian Policy Research Networks, Inc. Ottawa.
Goldfarb, M., Trudel, G. (2019). Marital quality and depression: a review. Marriage & Family Review, 55(8): 737–763. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2019.1610136
Harwas-Napierała, B. (2014). Specyfika komunikacji interpersonalnej w rodzinie ujmowanej jako system. [The specificity of interpersonal communication in a family perceived as a system.] In: I. Janicka, H. Liberska (eds.), Psychologia rodziny [Family psychology] (pp.47-72). Warszawa: PWN.
Hassebrauck, M., Fehr B. (2002). Dimensions of relationship quality. Personal Relationships 9, 253-270. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/1475-6811.00017
Hinz, A., Stöbel-Richter, Y., Brähler, E. (2001). Der Partnerschaftsfragebogen (PFB): Normierung und soziodemographische Einflussgrößen auf die Partnerschaftsqualität [Partnership Questionnaire: Standardization and the impact of sociodemographic characteristics on the relationship quality]. Diagnostica, 47, 132-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//0012-1924.47.3.132.
Hülür, G., Castano, Ch. (2019). Historical differences in relationship functioning: Findings from three national population-based samples in Europe. Psychology and Aging, 34(8),1185-1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000411
Janicka, I. (2008). Stosunki partnerskie w związkach niemałżeńskich [Partner relations in non-marital couples]. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 1, 37-53.
Janicka, I., Szymczak, W. (2019). Can close romantic relationships last? The commitment of partners in married and cohabitant couples. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 7(3), 203–211. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2019.86129
Jankowska, M. (2016). Komunikacja pomiędzy małżonkami a ocena jakości związku małżeńskiego [Communication between spouses and the assessment of the quality of a marriage relationship]. Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio, 4(28), 119-139. https://fidesetratio.com.pl/ojs/index.php/FetR/article/view/728
Jarecka, K. (2016) Zmiany hormonalne u kobiet w wieku średnim a ich funkcjonowanie psychospołeczne [Hormonal changes in women of middle age and their psychosocial functioning]. Psychologiczne Zeszyty Naukowe, 2, 51-64
Jarecka, K. (2021) Symptoms of hormonal changes in Polish men and women in the second half of life. Andropause and menopause – similarities and differences. Health Psychology Report, 9(3), 252–263. https://czasopisma.bg.ug.edu.pl/index.php/HPR/article/view/5811
Jenkins, A.I.C., Fredman, S.J., Le, Y., Sun, X., Brick, T.R., Skinner, O.D., McHale, S.M. (2020). Prospective associations between depressive symptoms and marital satisfaction in Black couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(1), 12-23. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/fam0000573
Kamp Dush, C. M., Taylor, M. G. (2012). Trajectories of marital conflict across the life course. Journal of Family Issues, 33, 341–368. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/0192513X11409684
Kaźmierczak, M., Plopa, M. (2012). Komunikacja w bliskich związkach [Communication in close relationships]. Warszawa: Vizja Press & IT.
Lavner, J.A., Karney, B.R., Bradbury, T.N. (2014). Relationship problems over the early years of marriage: Stability or change? Journal of Family Psychology, 28(6), 979-985. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037752
Leonhardt, N.D.,Willoughby, B.J. Dyer, W.J., Carroll, J.S. (2020). Longitudinal influence of shared marital power on marital quality and attachment security. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(1),1-11. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/fam0000566
Li, X.L., Cao, H, Zhou, N., Ju, X., Lan, J., Zhu, Q., Fang, X. (2018). Daily communication, conflict resolution, and marital quality in Chinese marriage: A three-wave, cross-lagged analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(6), 733-742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000430
Mandale, J.A., Birditt, K.S., Orbuch T.L., Antonucci T.C. (2019). Beyond Destructive Conflict: Implications of Marital Tension for Marital Well-Being. Journal of Family Psychology,5, 597-606. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Ffam0000512
Milek, A., Butler, E.A., Bodenmann, G. (2015). The interplay of couple’s shared time, women’s intimacy, and intradyadic stress. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(6), 831-842. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/fam0000133
Murray, S.A, Holmes, J.G., Collins, N.L. (2006). Optimizing Assurance: The Risk Regulation System in Relationships. Psychological Bulletin,132, 5, 641– 666. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.641
Roberson, P.N.E., Fincham, F. (2018). Is relationship quality linked to diabetes risk and management? It depends on what you look at. Families, Systems, & Health, 36(3), 315-326. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/fsh0000336
Rocznik Demograficzny [Demographic Yearbook] (2020). Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny [Central Statistical Office].
Rocznik Demograficzny [Demographic Yearbook] (2021). Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny [Central Statistical Office].
Rostowska, T., Rostowski, J. (2014). Małżeństwo i miłość. Kontekst psychologiczny i neuropsychologiczny [Marriage and love. Psychological and neuropsychological context]. Warszawa: Difin.
Ryś, M. (2016). Miłość jako podstawa wspólnoty małżeńskiej. Ujęcie psychologiczne [Love as the basis of the marital community. A psychological approach]. Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio,3(27), 57-74. https://doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v27i3.750
Ryś, M., Greszta, E., Grabarczyk, K. (2019). Intelektualna, emocjonalna i działaniowa bliskość małżonków a ich gotowość do rozwiązywania konfliktów oraz przebaczania [Intellectual, emotional and actional closeness of the couple and their will ingness to conflict resoluti on and forgiveness]. Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio, 2(38), 221-254. https://doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v2i38.77
Ryś, M., Sztajerwald, T. (2019). Psychologiczne aspekty dojrzałości młodych do małżeństwa. Skala Dojrzałości Psychicznej do Małżeństwa SKALDOM II [Psychological aspects the maturity of the young to marriage. Psychological Maturity Scale for Marriage SKALDOM II]. Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides Et Ratio, 37(1), 158-183. https://doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v1i37.43
Smith, T.W., Baucom, B. R.W. (2017). Intimate relationships, individual adjustment, and coronary heart disease: Implications of overlapping associations in psychosocial risk. American Psychologist, 72, 578 – 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000123
Smith, T.W., Baron, C.E., Deits-Lebehn, C., Uchino, B.N., Berg, C.A. (2020). Is it me or you? Marital conflict behavior and blood pressure reactivity. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(4). 503-508. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/fam0000624
Sink, C.A., Mvududu, N.H. (2010). Statistical Power, Sampling, and Effect Sizes: Three Keys to Research Relevancy. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, 1, 2, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/2150137810373613.
Szelendak, T. (2015). Socjologia rodziny [Sociology of the family]. Warszawa: PWN.
Tulloch, H., Johnson, S., Demidenko, N., Clyde, M., Bouchard, K., Greenman, P.S. (2021). An attachment-based intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease and their partners. A proof-of-concept study. Health Psychology, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0001034
Uhlich, M., Nouri, N., Jensen, R., Meuwly, N., Schoebi, D. (2021). Associations of conflict frequency and sexual satisfaction with weekly relationship satisfaction in Iranian couples. Journal of Family Psychology, Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000878
Umberson, D., Williams, K., Powers, D.A., Liu, H., Needham, B. (2006). You make me sick: Marital quality and health over the life course. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47, 1–16. http://dx.doi .org/10.1177/002214650604700101.
VanLaningham, J., Johnson, D.R., Amato, P.R. (2011). Marital happiness, marital duration, and the U-shaped curve: Evidence from a five-wave panel study. Social Forces,79,1313–1341.
Whisman, M.A., Uebelacker, L.A. (2009). Prospective associations between marital discord and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 24(1), 184-189. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0014759
Whisman, M.A., Li A., Sbarra, D.A.. Raison, C.L.(2014). Marital quality and diabetes: Results from the Health and Retirement Study. Health Psychology, 33(8), 832-840. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/hea0000064.
Wheeler, L.A., Updegraff, K.A., Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2018). A dyadic data analytic primer: An illustration with Mexican-origin couples. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 6(4), 276-290. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Flat0000118.
Walecka-Matyja, K., Janicka, I. (2021). Rodzina jako wartość. Analiza psychologiczna wartości rodzinnych [Family as a value. A psychological analysis of family values]. Łódź: University of Lodz.
Wojciszke, B. (2021). Psychologia miłości [The psychology of love]. Sopot: GWP.
Birditt, K.S, Newton, N.J, Cranford, J.A, Ryan, L.H. (2016). Stress and Negative Relationship Quality among Older Couples: Implications for Blood Pressure. Journal Gerontology;71(5):775-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25852106?dopt
Birditt, K.S., Wan, W.H., Orbuch, T.L., Antonucci, T.C. (2017). The development of marital tension: Implications for divorce among married couples. Developmental Psychology, 53(10), 1995-2006. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000379
Brzezińska, A., Appelt, K., Ziółkowska, B. (2016) Psychologia rozwoju człowieka [Psychology of human development]. Sopot: GWP.
Dandurand, C., Lafontaine, M.F. (2013). Intimacy and Couple Satisfaction: The Moderating Role of Romantic Attachment. International Journal of Psychological Studies,1, 74-90. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v5n1p74
Dakowicz, A., Dakowicz, L. (2021). The quality of marital communication of spouses with a higher and lower level of satisfaction with their relationship. Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides Et Ratio, 46(2), 129-141. https://doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v46i2.797
Donoho, C.J., Seeman, T.E., Sloan, R.P.,Crimmins, E.M.(2015). Marital status, marital quality, and heart rate variability in the MIDUS cohort. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(2), 290-295. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000068
Duxbury, L., Chiggins, Ch. (2001). Work-life balance in the new millennium: Where are we? Where do we need go? Work Network, Canadian Policy Research Networks, Inc. Ottawa.
Goldfarb, M., Trudel, G. (2019). Marital quality and depression: a review. Marriage & Family Review, 55(8): 737–763. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2019.1610136
Harwas-Napierała, B. (2014). Specyfika komunikacji interpersonalnej w rodzinie ujmowanej jako system. [The specificity of interpersonal communication in a family perceived as a system.] In: I. Janicka, H. Liberska (eds.), Psychologia rodziny [Family psychology] (pp.47-72). Warszawa: PWN.
Hassebrauck, M., Fehr B. (2002). Dimensions of relationship quality. Personal Relationships 9, 253-270. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/1475-6811.00017
Hinz, A., Stöbel-Richter, Y., Brähler, E. (2001). Der Partnerschaftsfragebogen (PFB): Normierung und soziodemographische Einflussgrößen auf die Partnerschaftsqualität [Partnership Questionnaire: Standardization and the impact of sociodemographic characteristics on the relationship quality]. Diagnostica, 47, 132-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//0012-1924.47.3.132.
Hülür, G., Castano, Ch. (2019). Historical differences in relationship functioning: Findings from three national population-based samples in Europe. Psychology and Aging, 34(8),1185-1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000411
Janicka, I. (2008). Stosunki partnerskie w związkach niemałżeńskich [Partner relations in non-marital couples]. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 1, 37-53.
Janicka, I., Szymczak, W. (2019). Can close romantic relationships last? The commitment of partners in married and cohabitant couples. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 7(3), 203–211. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2019.86129
Jankowska, M. (2016). Komunikacja pomiędzy małżonkami a ocena jakości związku małżeńskiego [Communication between spouses and the assessment of the quality of a marriage relationship]. Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio, 4(28), 119-139. https://fidesetratio.com.pl/ojs/index.php/FetR/article/view/728
Jarecka, K. (2016) Zmiany hormonalne u kobiet w wieku średnim a ich funkcjonowanie psychospołeczne [Hormonal changes in women of middle age and their psychosocial functioning]. Psychologiczne Zeszyty Naukowe, 2, 51-64
Jarecka, K. (2021) Symptoms of hormonal changes in Polish men and women in the second half of life. Andropause and menopause – similarities and differences. Health Psychology Report, 9(3), 252–263. https://czasopisma.bg.ug.edu.pl/index.php/HPR/article/view/5811
Jenkins, A.I.C., Fredman, S.J., Le, Y., Sun, X., Brick, T.R., Skinner, O.D., McHale, S.M. (2020). Prospective associations between depressive symptoms and marital satisfaction in Black couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(1), 12-23. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/fam0000573
Kamp Dush, C. M., Taylor, M. G. (2012). Trajectories of marital conflict across the life course. Journal of Family Issues, 33, 341–368. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/0192513X11409684
Kaźmierczak, M., Plopa, M. (2012). Komunikacja w bliskich związkach [Communication in close relationships]. Warszawa: Vizja Press & IT.
Lavner, J.A., Karney, B.R., Bradbury, T.N. (2014). Relationship problems over the early years of marriage: Stability or change? Journal of Family Psychology, 28(6), 979-985. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037752
Leonhardt, N.D.,Willoughby, B.J. Dyer, W.J., Carroll, J.S. (2020). Longitudinal influence of shared marital power on marital quality and attachment security. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(1),1-11. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/fam0000566
Li, X.L., Cao, H, Zhou, N., Ju, X., Lan, J., Zhu, Q., Fang, X. (2018). Daily communication, conflict resolution, and marital quality in Chinese marriage: A three-wave, cross-lagged analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(6), 733-742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000430
Mandale, J.A., Birditt, K.S., Orbuch T.L., Antonucci T.C. (2019). Beyond Destructive Conflict: Implications of Marital Tension for Marital Well-Being. Journal of Family Psychology,5, 597-606. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Ffam0000512
Milek, A., Butler, E.A., Bodenmann, G. (2015). The interplay of couple’s shared time, women’s intimacy, and intradyadic stress. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(6), 831-842. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/fam0000133
Murray, S.A, Holmes, J.G., Collins, N.L. (2006). Optimizing Assurance: The Risk Regulation System in Relationships. Psychological Bulletin,132, 5, 641– 666. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.641
Roberson, P.N.E., Fincham, F. (2018). Is relationship quality linked to diabetes risk and management? It depends on what you look at. Families, Systems, & Health, 36(3), 315-326. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/fsh0000336
Rocznik Demograficzny [Demographic Yearbook] (2020). Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny [Central Statistical Office].
Rocznik Demograficzny [Demographic Yearbook] (2021). Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny [Central Statistical Office].
Rostowska, T., Rostowski, J. (2014). Małżeństwo i miłość. Kontekst psychologiczny i neuropsychologiczny [Marriage and love. Psychological and neuropsychological context]. Warszawa: Difin.
Ryś, M. (2016). Miłość jako podstawa wspólnoty małżeńskiej. Ujęcie psychologiczne [Love as the basis of the marital community. A psychological approach]. Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio,3(27), 57-74. https://doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v27i3.750
Ryś, M., Greszta, E., Grabarczyk, K. (2019). Intelektualna, emocjonalna i działaniowa bliskość małżonków a ich gotowość do rozwiązywania konfliktów oraz przebaczania [Intellectual, emotional and actional closeness of the couple and their will ingness to conflict resoluti on and forgiveness]. Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio, 2(38), 221-254. https://doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v2i38.77
Ryś, M., Sztajerwald, T. (2019). Psychologiczne aspekty dojrzałości młodych do małżeństwa. Skala Dojrzałości Psychicznej do Małżeństwa SKALDOM II [Psychological aspects the maturity of the young to marriage. Psychological Maturity Scale for Marriage SKALDOM II]. Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides Et Ratio, 37(1), 158-183. https://doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v1i37.43
Smith, T.W., Baucom, B. R.W. (2017). Intimate relationships, individual adjustment, and coronary heart disease: Implications of overlapping associations in psychosocial risk. American Psychologist, 72, 578 – 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000123
Smith, T.W., Baron, C.E., Deits-Lebehn, C., Uchino, B.N., Berg, C.A. (2020). Is it me or you? Marital conflict behavior and blood pressure reactivity. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(4). 503-508. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/fam0000624
Sink, C.A., Mvududu, N.H. (2010). Statistical Power, Sampling, and Effect Sizes: Three Keys to Research Relevancy. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, 1, 2, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/2150137810373613.
Szelendak, T. (2015). Socjologia rodziny [Sociology of the family]. Warszawa: PWN.
Tulloch, H., Johnson, S., Demidenko, N., Clyde, M., Bouchard, K., Greenman, P.S. (2021). An attachment-based intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease and their partners. A proof-of-concept study. Health Psychology, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0001034
Uhlich, M., Nouri, N., Jensen, R., Meuwly, N., Schoebi, D. (2021). Associations of conflict frequency and sexual satisfaction with weekly relationship satisfaction in Iranian couples. Journal of Family Psychology, Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000878
Umberson, D., Williams, K., Powers, D.A., Liu, H., Needham, B. (2006). You make me sick: Marital quality and health over the life course. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47, 1–16. http://dx.doi .org/10.1177/002214650604700101.
VanLaningham, J., Johnson, D.R., Amato, P.R. (2011). Marital happiness, marital duration, and the U-shaped curve: Evidence from a five-wave panel study. Social Forces,79,1313–1341.
Whisman, M.A., Uebelacker, L.A. (2009). Prospective associations between marital discord and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 24(1), 184-189. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0014759
Whisman, M.A., Li A., Sbarra, D.A.. Raison, C.L.(2014). Marital quality and diabetes: Results from the Health and Retirement Study. Health Psychology, 33(8), 832-840. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/hea0000064.
Wheeler, L.A., Updegraff, K.A., Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2018). A dyadic data analytic primer: An illustration with Mexican-origin couples. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 6(4), 276-290. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Flat0000118.
Walecka-Matyja, K., Janicka, I. (2021). Rodzina jako wartość. Analiza psychologiczna wartości rodzinnych [Family as a value. A psychological analysis of family values]. Łódź: University of Lodz.
Wojciszke, B. (2021). Psychologia miłości [The psychology of love]. Sopot: GWP.
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