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duchowość
jakość życia
nieformalny opiekun
zdrowie psychiczne
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Abstrakt
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest dokonanie szczegółowej charakterystyki sfery duchowości u pacjentów mierzących się z chorobą nowotworową. Duże znaczenie tego obszaru, zarówno dla teoretyków, jak i praktyków wynika z poszukiwania przez chorych sensu w doświadczeniu choroby oraz w konieczności poradzenia sobie z nią na różnych płaszczyznach (między innymi emocjonalnej). Na samym początku zasygnalizowano złożoność opisywanego zjawiska i przedstawiono dwa komponenty duchowości w kontekście choroby: poznawczy i emocjonalny. Następnie omówiono nieścisłości terminologiczne, związane z definiowaniem duchowości i religijności, z którymi mierzą się nie tylko badacze, ale także sami pacjenci. Kolejno dokonano przeglądu badań nad korelatami duchowości u pacjentów onkologicznych. Zaprezentowano wyniki wielu badań nad jej związkiem ze zdrowiem psychicznym chorych. Przedstawiono potencjalne, omawiane w literaturze naukowej mechanizmy pozytywnego wpływu duchowości na tę sferę: samoregulację, nadawanie doświadczeniom nowego znaczenia i religijne radzenie sobie. Omówiono związek duchowości z syndromem demoralizacji i regulacją pożądanych i niepożądanych emocji. Wskazano także zagrożenia związane z duchowością i zdrowiem psychicznym. Celem niniejszego artykułu było również omówienie związku duchowości ze zdrowiem fizycznym, który jest znacznie rzadziej analizowany przez badaczy. Wyniki w tym obszarze nie są jednoznaczne. Dokonano także przeglądu badań nad duchowością i jakością życia pacjentów onkologicznych. Zaprezentowano, zarówno wyniki wskazujące na pozytywną zależność między duchowością a jakością życia, jak i te dowodzące odmiennego kierunku tej relacji. Zwrócono uwagę na znaczenie tej zależności u chorych u kresu życia, którzy często doświadczają bólu duchowego. Następnie zidentyfikowano bariery związane z poruszaniem kwestii duchowych w diadzie pacjent-personel medyczny. W artykule podjęto także złożoną problematykę duchowości w odniesieniu do ozdrowieńców, którzy znajdują się w stanie remisji. Na koniec zaprezentowano wyniki badań nad znaczeniem duchowości u nieformalnych opiekunów pacjentów onkologicznych. Podobnie jak w przypadku chorych wskazano na pozytywne i negatywne aspekty w tym obszarze.
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