Słowa kluczowe
ciąża
rozwój układu nerwowego
stres
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
Pregnant women may experience high levels of stress, including those associated with finding oneself in a new reality. In addition, the new reality is the COVID-19 pandemic, which has contributed to the deterioration of the mental state of many people. Chronic stress can lead to neuroanatomical changes in the mother, but also in her baby. It leads to atrophy of neurons in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and to the growth and enlargement of the amygdala, i.e. those structures that are responsible for emotions. The mother's emotions also shape the synapses in the fetus, and the neurotransmitters secreted by the mother modify the development of the baby's brain. Research is ongoing in many countries on the consequences of anxiety and depression in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this reason, it is important to take care of psychological well-being, for example by using the techniques of cognitive behavioral therapy. Support from relatives during pregnancy and childbirth is also an extremely important element in the proper development of the central nervous system of the mother and her child.
Bibliografia
Abbsasi, H., Puusepp B. (2020). Pregnancy Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Sequela on Neonatal Brain Development, Jama Pediatrics, 174 (9), 908, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1073.
Ars, C.L., Nijs I.M., Marroun, H.E., Muetzel, R., Schmidt, M., Steenweg-de Graaff, J., van der Lugt A., Jaddoe, V.W., Hofman, A., Steegers, E.A., Verhulst, F.C., Tiemeier, H., White, T. (2019). Prenatal folate, homocysteine and vitamin B levels and child brain volumes, cognitive development and psychological functioning: the Generation R Study, British Journal of Nutrition, Sep; 122 (s1), S1-S9.
Beck, C.T., Driscoll, J.W., Watson, S. (2013). Traumatic Childbirth, Nowy Jork: Routledge.
Bruder, G.E. (2005). Electroencephalographic measures of regional hemispheric activity in offspring at risk for depressive disorders, Biological Psychiatry, 57, 328–335.
Buss, C., Davis, E.P., Hobel, C.J., Sandman, C.A. (2011). Pregnancy-specific anxiety is associated with child executive function at 6-9 years age, Stress, 14 (6), 665-676.
Carrion, V.G., Weems, C. F., Reiss, A. L. (2007). Stress predicts brain changes in children: a pilot longitudinal study on youth stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, and the hippocampus, Pediatrics, 119, 509–516.
Deems, N.P., Leuner, B (2020). Pregnancy, postpartum and parity: Resilience and vulnerability in brain health and disease, Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
Emack, J., Matthews, S. (2011). Effects of chronic maternal stress on hypothalamo-pituitary- adrenal (HPA) function and behavior: no reversal by environmental enrichment, Hormones and Behavior, 60 (5), 589-598.
Gambin, M., Sękowski, M., Woźniak-Prus, M., Cudo, A., Hansen, K., Gorgol, J., HuflejtŁukasik, M., Kmita, G., Kubicka, K., Łyś, A. E., Maison, D., Oleksy, T., Wnuk, A. (2020). Uwarunkowania objawów depresji i lęku uogólnionego u dorosłych Polaków w trakcie epidemii Covid-19—Raport z pierwszej fali badania podłużnego, Uniwersytet Warszawski. http://psych.uw.edu.pl/2020/05/27/raport-z-i-fali-badania-podluznego-uwarunkowania-objawow-depresji-i-leku-uogolnionego-u-doroslych-polakow-w-trakcie-epidemii-covid-19/
Garthus-Niegel, S., Horsch, A., Handtke, E., von Soest, T., Ayers, S., Weidner, K., EberhardGran, M. (2018). The Impact of Postpartum Posttraumatic Stress and Depression Symptoms on Couples’ Relationship Satisfaction: A Population-Based Prospective Study, Frontiers in Psychology, 9, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01728.
Jaksz-Recmanik, E., Zalewska-Puchała, J. (2014). Zachowania zdrowotne uwarunkowane religijnie na przykładzie wyznawców Kościoła Adwentystów Dnia Siódmego. Problemy Pielęgniarskie, 22 (4), 533-538.
Kucharz, E. (2013). Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012), the Nobel Prize Laureate in 1986 r. (2013). Reumatology, 51, https://doi.org/10.5114/reum.2013.36194.
Lachowska, B., Szteliga, A. (2019). Zmartwienia kobiet w ciąży, Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio, 3 (39), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v3i39.117.
Levy, F., Gheusi, G., Keller M.(2011). Plasticity of the parental brain: a case for neurogenesis, Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 23 (11), 984-93, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02203.x.
Lindsay, K., Buss, C., Wadhwa, P., Entringer, S. (2019). The Interplay Between Nutrition and Stress in Pregnancy: Implications for Fetal Programming of Brain Development, Biological Psychiatry, 15; 85 (2), 135-149.
Lupiena, S.J., Parentd, S., Evanse, A.C., Tremblay, R.E., Zelazoi, P.H., Corboj, V., Pruessnerj, J. C, Séguin, R.C. (2011). Larger amygdala but no change in hippocampal volume in 10-year-old children exposed to maternal depressive symptomatology since birth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 14324–14329.
Milne S.J., Corbett G.A., Hehir M.P., Lindow S.W., Mohan S., Reagu S., .Farrell T, O’Connell
M.P. (2020). Effects of isolation on mood and relationships in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic, European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.06.009.
Noriuchi, M., Kikuchi, Y., Mori, K., Kamio, Y. (2019). The orbitofrontal cortex modulates parenting stress in the maternal brain, Scientific Reports, 7 (9), 1658.
Masi, G., Brovedani, P. (2011). The hippocampus, neurotrophic factors and depression: possible implications for the pharmacotherapy of depression, CNS Drugs, 1 (25), 913– 931.
Moog, N. K., Buss, C., Entringer, S., Shahbaba, B., Gillen, D. L., Hobel, C.J., Wadhwa, P.D. (2015). Maternal Exposure to Childhood Trauma Is Associated During Pregnancy with Placental-Fetal Stress Physiology, Biological Psychiatry, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.032.
O’Donnell, K.J., Meaney, A. (2017). Fetal Origins of Mental Health: The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis, The American Journal of Psychiatry, 1; 174 (4), 319-328.
Pacheco, F., Sobral, M., Guiomar, R., Torre- Lugue, A., Caparros-Gonzalez, R., Ganho-Avila, A. (2021). Breastfeeding during COVID-19: A Narrative Review of the Psychological Impact on Mothers, Behavioral Sciences, 11 (3), https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11030034.
Pawluski, J.L., Valenca, A., Costa-Nunes, J.P., Steinbusch, H.W., Strekalova, T. (2012). Pregnancy or stress decrease complexity of CA3 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus of adult female rats, Neuroscience, 27, 227-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.059.
Ramiro, A., Ribeiro, C., se Souza, B., Passos, F. (2021). Assessment of the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women, Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 25, 1-5, https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2021.1915976.
Romero-Gozalez, B., Puertas-Gonzalez, J., Strivens- Vilchez, H., Gonzalez- Perez, R,. Peralta- Ramirez, M. (2020). Effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy for stress management on stress and hair cortisol levels in pregnant women: A randomised controlled trial, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110162.
Sandman, C.A., Buss, C., Head, K., Davis, E.P. (2015). Fetal exposure to maternal depressive symptoms is associated with cortical thickness in late childhood, Biological Psychiatry, 77 (4), 324-34.
Shahid, A., Javed, A., Rehman, S., Tariq, R., Ikram, M., Suhail, M. (2020). Evaluation of psychological impact, depression, and anxiety among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Lahore, Pakistan, International Journal of Gynecology &Obstetrics, https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13398.
Thomas, R. M., Hotsenpiller, G., Peterson, D. A. (2007). Acute psychosocial stress reduces cell survival in adult hippocampal neurogenesis without altering proliferation. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 2734–2743.
Traylor, C.S., Johnson, J.D., Kimmel, M., Manuck, T. (2020). Effects of psychological stress on adverse pregnancy outcomes and nonpharmacologic approaches for reduction: an expert review, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100229.
Tomforhr, L., Cambell, T., Giesbrecht, G., Letourneau, N., Carlson, L., Madsen, J., Dimidjan, S. (2016). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for psychological distress in pregnancy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, 13 (17), 498, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1601-0.
Weber, S., Pargament, K. (2014). The role of religion and spirituality in mental health, Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 27 (5), 358-63, https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000080.
Vaillant, G. (2013) Psychiatry, religion, positive emotions and spirituality, Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6 (5), 590-594, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2013.08.073.