How to Cite
Domanowska, G., Greszta, E., & Ćwiklińska-Zaborowicz, A. (2018). Appreciating the value of life in cancer. Quarterly Journal Fides Et Ratio, 33(1), 202-218. Retrieved from https://fidesetratio.com.pl/ojs/index.php/FetR/article/view/596
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Abstract
Cancer, being a life-threatening disease, constitutes a traumatic event. It turns out, however that traumatic experiences may stimulate personal growth and transformation. Many cancer patients attribute attainment of a new outlook on life and greater appreciation of its value to this illness. Studies show that cancer patients experience improved understanding of the meaning of life, increased spiritual growth and better interpersonal relations. Changes experienced by patients result from the trauma they are undergoing and the adaptation through posttraumatic growth (PTG). Positive changes reported by patients battling cancer are examined, among other, within the framework of the posttraumatic growth theory of Tedeschi and Calhoun (2007). This theory assumes such growth is facilitated by crucial events, capable of destroying the existing beliefs regarding the world, life and oneself. Moreover studies have shown that applying strategies based on religion stimulated posttraumatic growth.
References
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Andrykowski, M., Brady, M., Hunt, J. (1993). Positive psychosocial adjustment in potential bone marrow transplant recipients: cancer as a psychosocial transition. Psychooncology, 2, 261–76.
Arman, M., Rehnsfeldt, A. (2003). The hidden suffering among breast cancer patients: A qualitative metasynthesis. Qualitative Health Research, 13, 510-527.
Belec, R. H. (1992). Quality of life: Perceptions of long-term survivors of bone marrow transplantation. Oncology Nursing Forum, 19, 31–37.
Bussel, V., Naus, M. (2010). A longitudinal investigation of coping and posttraumatic growth in breast cancer survivors. Journal Psychosocial Oncoogy, 28, 61–78.
Calhoun, L.G., Tedeschi, R.G. (2006). The foundations of posttraumatic growth: an expanded framework. W: L.G. Calhoun, R.G. Tedeschi (red.). Handbook of posttraumatic growth. Research and practice. (s. 1-23). Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah.
Carpenter, J., Brockopp, D., Andrykowski, M. (1999). Self-transformation as a factor in the self-esteem and well-being of breast cancer survivors. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29, 1402–1411.
Carver, C. S., Antoni, M. H. (2004). Finding benefit in breast cancer during the year after diagnosis predicts better adjustment 5 to 8 years after diagnosis. Health Psychology, 26, 595-598.
Cieślak, M., Jakitowicz, K., Kozaka, J., Bidzan, M., Kiżewska, A. (2017). Twardość psychiczna i wsparcie społeczne a wzrost pourazowy u chorych z nowotworem - doniesienie wstępne. Psychoonkologia, 21, 22-28
Collins, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Skokan, L. A. (1990). A better world or a shattered vision? Changes in life perspectives following victimization. Social Cognition, 8, 263–285.
Cordova, M. J., Giese-Davis, J., Golant, M., Kronenwetter, C., Chang, V., & Spiegel, D. (2007). Breast cancer as trauma: Posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 14, 308-319.
Cordova, M.J., Cunningham, L.L.C., Carlson, C.R., Andrykowski, M.A. (2001). Posttraumatic growth following breast cancer: A controlled comparison study. Health Psychology, 20, 176−185.
de Walden-Gałuszko, K. (2011). Psychoonkologia w praktyce klinicznej. Warszawa: PZWL.
Deadman, J. M., Dewey, M. J., Owens, R. G., Leinster, S. J., Slade, P. D. (1989). Threat and loss in breast cancer. Psychological Medicine, 19, 677-681.
Frazier, P.A., Conlon, A., Glaser, T. (2001). Positive and negative life changes following sexual assault. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 1048–55.
Fromm, K., Andrykowski, M. A., Hunt, J. (1996). Positive and negative psychosocial sequelae of bone marrow transplantation: Implications for quality of life assessment. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 19, 221-240.
Gallagher, J., Parle, M., Cairns, D. (2002). Appraisal and psychological distress six months after diagnosis of breast cancer. British Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 365–76.
Greszta E. i Siemińska M.J. (2011). Patient-perceived changes in the system of values after cancer diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 18, 55-64.
Harper, F.W.K., Schmidt, J.E., Beacham, A.O., Salsman, J.M., Averill, A.J., Graves, K.D., i in. (2007). The role of social cognitive processing theory and optimism in positive psychosocial and physical behavior change after cancer diagnosis and treatment. Psycho-Oncology, 16, 79−91
Hopwood, P., Stephens, R.J. (2000). Depression in patients with lung cancer: Prevalence and risk factors derived from quality-of-life data. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 18, 893-903.
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1989). Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition, 7, 113–136.
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Toward a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press.
Janoff-Bulman, R. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Three explanatory models. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 30-34.
Kangas, M., Henry, J. L., Bryant, R. A. (2002). Posttraumatic stress disorder following cancer: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 499–524.
Kopczyńska-Tyszko, A. (1999). Reakcje emocjonalne chorujących na nowotwór. W: W: D. Kubacka-Jasiecka, W. Łosiak (red.). Zmagając się z chorobą nowotworową. Psychologia współczesna wobec pacjentów onkologicznych (s. 125-141). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Kubacka-Jasiecka, D. (1999). Problematyka lęku i zmaganie się z lękiem w chorobie nowotworowej. W: D. Kubacka-Jasiecka, W. Łosiak (red.), Zmagając się z chorobą nowotworową. Psychologia współczesna wobec pacjentów onkologicznych (s. 143-179). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Lechner, S. C., Zakowski, S.G., Antoni, M. H., Greenhawt, M., Block, K., Block, P. (2003). Do sociodemographic and disease-related variables influence benefit-finding in cancer patients? Psychooncology, 12, 491-9.
Lichtman, R. R., Taylor, S. E., Wood, J. V. (1987). Social support and marital adjustment after breast cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 5, 47-74.
Ogińska-Bulik, N. (2016). Negatywne i pozytywne następstwa doświadczonej traumy- rola ruminacji. Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna, 16, 182-187.
Ogińska-Bulik, N. (2017). Potraumatyczny wzrost u chorych onkologicznie - rola osobowości i ruminacji. Psychiatria, 14, 53-60.
Osmańska, M., Borkowska, A., Makarewicz, R. (2010). Ocena jakości życia, nasilenia cech lęku i depresji u pacjentów ze złośliwym zarodkowym nowotworem jądra w trakcie chemioterapii i po zakończonym leczeniu onkologicznym. Psychiatria Polska; 44, 543-556.
Ramsey, S. D., Andersen, M. R., Etzioni, R., Moinpour, C., Potosky, A., Urban, N. (2000). Quality of life in survivors of colorectal carcinoma. Cancer, 88, 1294-1303.
Roos, I. A. G. (2003). Reacting to the diagnosis of prostate cancer: Patient learning in a community of practice. Patient Education and Counseling, 49, 219-224.
Salick, E.C., Auerbach, C.F. (2006). From devastation to integration: Adjusting to and growing from medical trauma. Qualititive Health Research, 16, 1021-1037.
Stanton, A.L., Danoff-Burg, S., Cameron, C.L., Bishop, M., Collins, C.A., Kirk, S.B., Sworowski, L.A., Twillman, R. (2000). Emotionally expressive coping predicts psychological and physical adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 875-882.
Stanton, A.L., Ganz, P.A., Rowland, J.H., Meyerowitz, B.E., Krupnick, J.L., Sears, S.R. (2005). Promoting adjustment after treatment for cancer. Cancer, 104, 2608–2613.
Taylor, E. (2000). Transformation of tragedy among women surviving breast cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 27, 781–8.
Taylor, S.E. (1983). Adjustment to threatening events: a theory of cognitive adaptation. American Psychologist, 38, 1161–1173.
Tedeschi, R.G., Calhoun, L.G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455–471.
Tedeschi, R.G., Calhoun, L.G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 1-8.
Tedeschi, R.G., Calhoun, L.G. (2007). Podejście kliniczne do wzrostu po doświadczeniach traumatycznych. W: P.A. Linley, S. Joseph (red. Psychologia pozytywna w praktyce, (s. 230-248). Warszawa: PWN.
Tempelaar, R., de Haes, J. C. J. M., de Ruiter, J. H., Bakker, D., van den Heuvel, W. J. A., van Nieuwenhuijzen, M. G. (1989). The social experiences of cancer patients under treatment: A comparative study. Social Science and Medicine, 29, 635–642.
Thornton A. A. (2002). Perceiving Benefits in the Cancer Experience. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 9, 153-165.
Watson, M., Haviland, J. S., Greer, S., Davidson, J. Bliss, J. M. (1999). Influence of psychological response on survival in breast cancer: A population-based cohort study. Lancet, 354, 1331-1336.
Watson, M., Law, M., Santos, M., Greer, S., Baruch, J., Bliss, J. (1994). The Mini-MAC: further development of the Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 12, 33–46.
Załuski, M. (2014) Radzenie sobie skoncentrowane na tworzeniu znaczenia i adaptacja pacjenta do choroby przewlekłej — doniesienie z badań. Problemy Pielęgniarstwa, 22, 209–215.
Zoellner, T., Maercker, A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology. A critical review and introduction of a two component model. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 626−653.
Andrykowski, M., Brady, M., Hunt, J. (1993). Positive psychosocial adjustment in potential bone marrow transplant recipients: cancer as a psychosocial transition. Psychooncology, 2, 261–76.
Arman, M., Rehnsfeldt, A. (2003). The hidden suffering among breast cancer patients: A qualitative metasynthesis. Qualitative Health Research, 13, 510-527.
Belec, R. H. (1992). Quality of life: Perceptions of long-term survivors of bone marrow transplantation. Oncology Nursing Forum, 19, 31–37.
Bussel, V., Naus, M. (2010). A longitudinal investigation of coping and posttraumatic growth in breast cancer survivors. Journal Psychosocial Oncoogy, 28, 61–78.
Calhoun, L.G., Tedeschi, R.G. (2006). The foundations of posttraumatic growth: an expanded framework. W: L.G. Calhoun, R.G. Tedeschi (red.). Handbook of posttraumatic growth. Research and practice. (s. 1-23). Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah.
Carpenter, J., Brockopp, D., Andrykowski, M. (1999). Self-transformation as a factor in the self-esteem and well-being of breast cancer survivors. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29, 1402–1411.
Carver, C. S., Antoni, M. H. (2004). Finding benefit in breast cancer during the year after diagnosis predicts better adjustment 5 to 8 years after diagnosis. Health Psychology, 26, 595-598.
Cieślak, M., Jakitowicz, K., Kozaka, J., Bidzan, M., Kiżewska, A. (2017). Twardość psychiczna i wsparcie społeczne a wzrost pourazowy u chorych z nowotworem - doniesienie wstępne. Psychoonkologia, 21, 22-28
Collins, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Skokan, L. A. (1990). A better world or a shattered vision? Changes in life perspectives following victimization. Social Cognition, 8, 263–285.
Cordova, M. J., Giese-Davis, J., Golant, M., Kronenwetter, C., Chang, V., & Spiegel, D. (2007). Breast cancer as trauma: Posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 14, 308-319.
Cordova, M.J., Cunningham, L.L.C., Carlson, C.R., Andrykowski, M.A. (2001). Posttraumatic growth following breast cancer: A controlled comparison study. Health Psychology, 20, 176−185.
de Walden-Gałuszko, K. (2011). Psychoonkologia w praktyce klinicznej. Warszawa: PZWL.
Deadman, J. M., Dewey, M. J., Owens, R. G., Leinster, S. J., Slade, P. D. (1989). Threat and loss in breast cancer. Psychological Medicine, 19, 677-681.
Frazier, P.A., Conlon, A., Glaser, T. (2001). Positive and negative life changes following sexual assault. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 1048–55.
Fromm, K., Andrykowski, M. A., Hunt, J. (1996). Positive and negative psychosocial sequelae of bone marrow transplantation: Implications for quality of life assessment. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 19, 221-240.
Gallagher, J., Parle, M., Cairns, D. (2002). Appraisal and psychological distress six months after diagnosis of breast cancer. British Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 365–76.
Greszta E. i Siemińska M.J. (2011). Patient-perceived changes in the system of values after cancer diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 18, 55-64.
Harper, F.W.K., Schmidt, J.E., Beacham, A.O., Salsman, J.M., Averill, A.J., Graves, K.D., i in. (2007). The role of social cognitive processing theory and optimism in positive psychosocial and physical behavior change after cancer diagnosis and treatment. Psycho-Oncology, 16, 79−91
Hopwood, P., Stephens, R.J. (2000). Depression in patients with lung cancer: Prevalence and risk factors derived from quality-of-life data. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 18, 893-903.
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1989). Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition, 7, 113–136.
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Toward a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press.
Janoff-Bulman, R. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Three explanatory models. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 30-34.
Kangas, M., Henry, J. L., Bryant, R. A. (2002). Posttraumatic stress disorder following cancer: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 499–524.
Kopczyńska-Tyszko, A. (1999). Reakcje emocjonalne chorujących na nowotwór. W: W: D. Kubacka-Jasiecka, W. Łosiak (red.). Zmagając się z chorobą nowotworową. Psychologia współczesna wobec pacjentów onkologicznych (s. 125-141). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Kubacka-Jasiecka, D. (1999). Problematyka lęku i zmaganie się z lękiem w chorobie nowotworowej. W: D. Kubacka-Jasiecka, W. Łosiak (red.), Zmagając się z chorobą nowotworową. Psychologia współczesna wobec pacjentów onkologicznych (s. 143-179). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Lechner, S. C., Zakowski, S.G., Antoni, M. H., Greenhawt, M., Block, K., Block, P. (2003). Do sociodemographic and disease-related variables influence benefit-finding in cancer patients? Psychooncology, 12, 491-9.
Lichtman, R. R., Taylor, S. E., Wood, J. V. (1987). Social support and marital adjustment after breast cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 5, 47-74.
Ogińska-Bulik, N. (2016). Negatywne i pozytywne następstwa doświadczonej traumy- rola ruminacji. Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna, 16, 182-187.
Ogińska-Bulik, N. (2017). Potraumatyczny wzrost u chorych onkologicznie - rola osobowości i ruminacji. Psychiatria, 14, 53-60.
Osmańska, M., Borkowska, A., Makarewicz, R. (2010). Ocena jakości życia, nasilenia cech lęku i depresji u pacjentów ze złośliwym zarodkowym nowotworem jądra w trakcie chemioterapii i po zakończonym leczeniu onkologicznym. Psychiatria Polska; 44, 543-556.
Ramsey, S. D., Andersen, M. R., Etzioni, R., Moinpour, C., Potosky, A., Urban, N. (2000). Quality of life in survivors of colorectal carcinoma. Cancer, 88, 1294-1303.
Roos, I. A. G. (2003). Reacting to the diagnosis of prostate cancer: Patient learning in a community of practice. Patient Education and Counseling, 49, 219-224.
Salick, E.C., Auerbach, C.F. (2006). From devastation to integration: Adjusting to and growing from medical trauma. Qualititive Health Research, 16, 1021-1037.
Stanton, A.L., Danoff-Burg, S., Cameron, C.L., Bishop, M., Collins, C.A., Kirk, S.B., Sworowski, L.A., Twillman, R. (2000). Emotionally expressive coping predicts psychological and physical adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 875-882.
Stanton, A.L., Ganz, P.A., Rowland, J.H., Meyerowitz, B.E., Krupnick, J.L., Sears, S.R. (2005). Promoting adjustment after treatment for cancer. Cancer, 104, 2608–2613.
Taylor, E. (2000). Transformation of tragedy among women surviving breast cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 27, 781–8.
Taylor, S.E. (1983). Adjustment to threatening events: a theory of cognitive adaptation. American Psychologist, 38, 1161–1173.
Tedeschi, R.G., Calhoun, L.G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455–471.
Tedeschi, R.G., Calhoun, L.G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 1-8.
Tedeschi, R.G., Calhoun, L.G. (2007). Podejście kliniczne do wzrostu po doświadczeniach traumatycznych. W: P.A. Linley, S. Joseph (red. Psychologia pozytywna w praktyce, (s. 230-248). Warszawa: PWN.
Tempelaar, R., de Haes, J. C. J. M., de Ruiter, J. H., Bakker, D., van den Heuvel, W. J. A., van Nieuwenhuijzen, M. G. (1989). The social experiences of cancer patients under treatment: A comparative study. Social Science and Medicine, 29, 635–642.
Thornton A. A. (2002). Perceiving Benefits in the Cancer Experience. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 9, 153-165.
Watson, M., Haviland, J. S., Greer, S., Davidson, J. Bliss, J. M. (1999). Influence of psychological response on survival in breast cancer: A population-based cohort study. Lancet, 354, 1331-1336.
Watson, M., Law, M., Santos, M., Greer, S., Baruch, J., Bliss, J. (1994). The Mini-MAC: further development of the Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 12, 33–46.
Załuski, M. (2014) Radzenie sobie skoncentrowane na tworzeniu znaczenia i adaptacja pacjenta do choroby przewlekłej — doniesienie z badań. Problemy Pielęgniarstwa, 22, 209–215.
Zoellner, T., Maercker, A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology. A critical review and introduction of a two component model. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 626−653.
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