Abstract
Raising a child with special needs poses a challenge for their parents, not only as caregivers but also as spouses. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationships between communication behaviors, both mothers’ own and their partners’, and the level of marital burnout in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The moderating role of selected sociodemographic factors, such as duration of marriage, number of children, age of a child with the disorder, professional activity of mothers, and perceived parents’ contribution to caring for a child with autism spectrum disorder was also tested. The Marital Communication Questionnaire, the Marital Burnout scale and a sociodemographic survey were used in the study. The sample was composed of 100 women, married mothers of a child with ASD. The results showed an inverse relationship between own and partner’s supportive and engaged communication behaviors, and the feeling of marital burnout. At the same time, there was a positive relationship between depreciation in their own and partner’s communication and female burnout. These relationships were not moderated by any of the sociodemographic variables.
References
Abhar Zanjani, F., Khajeh-Mirza, V., Seyyedi, M., Shahabizadeh, F., Dastjerdi, R., Bahreinian, A. (2015). Assessment on relationship beliefs and marital burnout among fertile and infertile couples, Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 17 (2), 81-86.
Ahrari, A., Miri, M.R., Ramazani, A.A., Dastjerdi, R., Hamidi Tabas, V. (2018). Investigation of the couple burnout and its related factors among couples referring to comprehensive health services centers in marginalized rural areas of Birjand during 2016, Journal of Health sciences and Technology, 2 (1), 42-48, https://doi.org/10.32592/JHST.2018.2.1.107.
Akbolat, M., Isik, O. (2008). The Levels of Burnout of Health Employees: Sample of a Public Hospital, Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergis, 11 (2), 229-254.
Allendorf, K., Ghimire, D. (2013). Determinants of marital quality in an arranged marriage society, Social Science Research, 42 (1), 59-70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.09.002.
Alsawalqa, R. (2019). Marriage burnout: When the emotions exhausted quietly quantitative research, Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 13 (2), https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.68833.
Amini, M., Heydari, H. (2016). Effectiveness of relationships enrichment education on improvement of life quality and marital satisfaction in married female students, Journal of Education and Community Health, 3 (2), 23-31, https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S25449.
Ardic, A. (2020). Relationship between Parental Burnout Level and Perceived Social Support Levels of Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, International Journal of Educational Methodology, 6 (3), 533-543, https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.6.3.533.
Arfa-ee, F.S., Far, M.R.T., Fallahi, A.M. (2015). The Mediating Role of Burnout in the Relationship between Communication Skills and Emotional Divorce among Married Employees in Ahvaz Oil Company (2014-2015), Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6 (6), 367-367, https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s6p367.
Askari, M., B Mohd Noah, S., Aishah Bt Hassan, S., Bt Baba, M. (2013). Comparison the effects of communication and conflict resolution skills training on marital satisfaction, International Journal of Psychological Studies, 5 (1), 91-104, https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v5n1p91.
Aqgabozorgi, S., Keshavarz Mohammadi, R., Shariat, S. (2020). Comparing effectiveness of Walsh approach and Olson approach on communicative models and marital burnout in the women hurt by marital betrayal, Journal of Psychological Science, 18 (83), 2223- 2232.
Babari Gharmkhani, M., Madani, Y., Lavasani, M. (2014). Investigating the relationship between unrealistic relationship standards and communication patterns and their roles in predicting marital burnout in divorce seeking women, Biannual Journal of Applied Counseling, 4 (1), 67-84, https://doi.org/10.22055/jac.2014.12560.
Baczyński, A. (2004). Komunikacja społeczna, (w:) B. Szlachta (red.), Słownik społeczny, 546- 558, Kraków: WAM.
Beck, J., Brand, S., Hatzinger, M., Harbaugh, A., Ruch, W., Holsboer-Trachsler, E. (2010). Associations between satisfaction with life, burnout-related emotional and physical exhaustion, and sleep complaints, The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 11 (5), 744- 754, https://doi.org/10.3109/15622971003624205.
Bodenmann, G., Ledermann, T., Bradbury, T.N. (2007). Stress, sex, and satisfaction in marriage, Personal Relationships, 14 (4), 551-569, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2007.00171.x.
Bradbury, T., Fincham, F., Beach, F. (2000). Research on the nature and determinants of marital satisfaction: A decade in review, Journal of Marriage and Family, 62, 964-80, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00964.x.
Brisini, K.S.C., Solomon, D.H. (2019). Relational turbulence and marital communication when children with autism start school: A longitudinal dyadic diary study, Health Communication, 5 (4), 483-493, https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1567445.
Brisini, K.S.C., Solomon, D.H. (2020). Children’s Transitions and Relational Turbulence in Marriage: Can Transition Processing Communication Help?, Journal of Family Communication, 20 (1), 82-96, https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2019.1662421.
Brobst, J.B., Clopton, J.R., & Hendrick, S.S. (2009). Parenting children with autism spectrum disorders: The couple’s relationship, Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 24 (1), 38-49, https://doi.org/10.1177/1088357608323699.
Brock, R.L., Lawrence, E. (2008). A longitudinal investigation of stress spillover in marriage: Does spousal support adequacy buffer the effects?, Journal of Family Psychology, 22 (1), 11-20, https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.1.11.
Capri, B., Gökçakan, Z. (2013). The variables predicting couple burnout, Elementary Education Online, 12 (2), 561-574.
Chan, K.K.S., Lam, C.B., Law, N.C.W., Cheung, R.Y.M. (2018). From child autistic symptoms to parental affective symptoms: A family process model, Research in Developmental Disabilities, 75, 22-31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.02.005.
Cyranka, K., Rutkowski, K., Król, J., Krok, D. (2012). Różnice w komunikacji małżeńskiej i postawach rodzicielskich między rodzicami dzieci zdrowych a rodzicami dzieci chorych na cukrzycę typu 1, Psychiatria Polska, 46 (4), 23–538.
Dobek–Ostrowska, B. (1999). Podstawy komunikowania społecznego, Wrocław: Astrum.
Doron, H., Sharabany, A. (2013). Marital patterns among parents to autistic children, Psychology, 4 (4), 445-453, https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2013.44063.
Erickson, R. (1993). Reconceptualizing family work: The effect of emotion work on perceptions of marital quality, Journal of Marriage and Family, 55 (4), 888-900, https://doi.org/10.2307/352770.
Ferri, P., Guerra, E., Marcheselli, L., Cunico, L., Di Lorenzo, R. (2015). Empathy and burnout: an analytic cross-sectional study among nurses and nursing students, Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis, 86 (2), 104–115.
Fisman, S., Wolf, L. (1991). The handicapped child: Psychological effects of parental, marital, and sibling relationships, Psychiatric Clinics, 14 (1), 199-217, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30333-2.
Gau, S.S.F., Chou, M.C., Chiang, H.L., Lee, J.C., Wong, C.C., Chou, W.J., Wu, YY. (2012). Parental adjustment, marital relationship, and family function in families of children with autism, Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6 (1), 263-270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.05.007.
Glenn, N., McLanahan, S. (1982). Children and marital happiness: A further specification of the relationship, Journal of Marriage and Family, 44 (1), 63–72, https://doi.org/10.2307/351263.
Greszta, E., Ryś, M., Trębicka, P., Hoffer-Buczkowska, L. (2020). Poczucie więzi ze współmałżonkiem a poziom stresu i wypalenie się sił psychicznych u rodziców dzieci z autyzmem, Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio, 41 (1), 340-358, https://doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v41i1.239.
Güven, N., Sevim, S. (2007). The Prediction Power of Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions and the Perceived Marital Problem Solving Skills for Marital Satisfaction, Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3 (28), 49-61.
Haris, F., Kumar, A. (2018). Marital satisfaction and communication skills among married couples, Indian Journal of Social Research, 59 (1), 35-44.
Hartley, S.L., Barker, E.T., Baker, J.K., Seltzer, M.M., Greenberg, J.S. (2012). Marital satisfaction and life circumstances of grown children with autism across 7 years, Journal of Family Psychology, 26 (5), 688–697, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029354.
Hayes, A.F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach, New York: The Guilford Press.
Hoogsteen, L., Woodgate, R.L. (2013). Centering autism within the family: A qualitative approach to autism and the family, Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 28 (2), 135-140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2012.06.002.
Hou, Y., Jiang, F., Wang, X. (2019). Marital commitment, communication and marital satisfaction: An analysis based on actor–partner interdependence model, International Journal of Psychology, 54 (3), 369-376, https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12473.
Huston, T., (2009). What’s love got to do with it? Why some marriages succeed and others fail, Personal Relationships, 16 (3), 301–27, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2009.01225.x.
Jankowska, M. (2016). Komunikacja pomiędzy małżonkami a ocena jakości związku małżeńskiego, Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio, 4 (28), 119-140.
Kaleta, K. (2011). Struktura rodziny a społeczne funkcjonowanie dorastających dzieci, Kielce: Wydawnictwo UJK.
Kaźmierczak, M., Plopa, M. (2008). Kwestionariusz Komunikacji Małżeńskiej KKM. Podręcznik, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Vizja Press & IT.
Koolaee, A.K., Adibrad, N., & Sedgh Poor, B.S. (2010). The Comparison of Relationship Beliefs and Couples Burnout in women who apply for Divorce and Women Who Want to Continue their Marital Life. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 5(1), 35–39.
Klajmon-Lech, U. (2018). Doświadczenia stresu i wypalenia sił oraz sposoby radzenia sobie z nimi z perspektywy matek dzieci z rzadką chorobą genetyczną, Problemy Edukacji, Rehabilitacji i Socjalizacji Osób Niepełnosprawnych, 27 (2), 143-156, https://doi.org/10.31261/PERiSON.2018.27.09.
Koydemir, S., Tosun, Ü. (2009). Impact of autistic children on the lives of mothers, Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1 (1), 2534-2540, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.447.
Kulik, L., Walfisch, S., Liberman, G. (2016). Spousal conflict resolution strategies and marital relations in late adulthood, Personal Relationships, 23 (3), 456-474, https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12137.
Kütük, M.Ö., Tufan, A.E., Kılıçaslan, F., Güler, G., Çelik, F., Altıntaş, E., Kütük, Ö. (2021). High Depression Symptoms and Burnout Levels Among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Multi-Center, Cross-Sectional, Case–Control Study, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04874-4.
Lavner, J.A., Karney, B.R., Bradbury, T.N. (2016). Does couples’ communication predict marital satisfaction, or does marital satisfaction predict communication?, Journal of Marriage and Family, 78 (3), 680-694, https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12301.
Maslach, C., Leiter, M. (2017). Understanding burnout: New models, (in:) IC.L. Cooper, J.C. Quick (Eds.), The handbook of stress and health: A guide to research and practice, 36–56, Wiley Blackwell, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118993811.ch3.
Mikolajczak, M., Gross, J., Roskam, I. (2019). Parental burnout: What is it, and why does it matter?, Clinical Psychological Science, 7 (6), 1319-1329, https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702619858430.
Morgan, S.B. (1988). The autistic child and family functioning: A developmental-family systems perspective, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18 (2), 263-280, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02211952.
Neff, L.A., Karney, B.R. (2004). How does context affect intimate relationships? Linking external stress and cognitive processes within marriage, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30 (2), 134-148, https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203255984.
Nejatian, M., Alami, A., Momeniyan, V., Noghabi, A.D., Jafari, A. (2021). Investigating the status of marital burnout and related factors in married women referred to health centers, BMC Women’s Health, 21 (1), 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01172-0.
Nęcki, Z. (1996). Komunikacja międzyludzka, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Profesjonalnej Szkoły Biznesu.
Ohue, T., Morıyama, M., Nakaya, T. (2011). Examination of a cognitive model of stress, burnout, and intention to resign for Japanese nurses, Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 8, 76–86, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7924.2010.00161.x.
Pamuk, M., Durmus, E. (2015). Investigation of burnout in marriage, Journal of Human Sciences, 12 (1), 162-177, https://doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v12i1.3002.
Pągowska, M. (2013). Zespół wypalenia sił u rodziców dzieci z autyzmem–analiza społecznego kontekstu zjawiska, Człowiek – Niepełnosprawność–Społeczeństwo, 4, 61-78.
Pines, A. (2002). Teacher burnout: A psychodynamic existential perspective, Teachers and Teaching, 8 (2), 121-140, https://doi.org/10.1080/13540600220127331.
Pines, A., Neal, M., Hammer, L., Icekson, T. (2011). Job burnout and couple burnout in dual- earner couples in the sandwiched generation, Social Psychology Quarterly, 74 (4), 361- 386, https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272511422452.
Plopa, M. (2006). Więzi w małżeństwie i rodzinie. Metody badań, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Impuls.
Rodrigue, J.R., Morgan, S.B., Geffken, G. (1990). Families of autistic children: Psychological functioning of mothers, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19 (4), 371-379, https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp1904_9.
Rostowski, J. (1987). Zarys psychologii małżeństwa, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo PWN.
Rozen, B. (2020). Burnout in Relationships–the Spiritual Aspect, Studia Warmińskie, 57, 295- 309, https://doi.org/10.31648/sw.4884.
Ryś, M. (1999). Psychologia małżeństwa w zarysie, Warszawa: Centrum Metodyczne Pomocy Psychologiczno-Pedagogicznej MEN.
Schwarz, N. (1999). Self-reports: how the questions shape the answers, American Psychologist, 54 (2), 93-105, https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.2.93.
Sendil, G., Korkut, Y. (2012). Evli çiftlerdeki çift uyumu ve evlilik çatışmasının demografik özellikler açısından incelenmesi, Psikoloji Çalışmaları Dergisi, 28, 15-34.
Sirin, H.D., Deniz, M. (2016). The Effect of the Family Training Program on Married Women’s Couple-Burnout Levels, Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 16 (5), 1563-1585, https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2016.5.2781.
Stackert R, Bursik K. (2003). Why am I unsatisfied? Adult attachment style, gendered Irrational Relationship beliefs & Young adult romantic relationship satisfaction, Personality & Individual Differences, 34 (8), 1419-20, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00124-1.
Stewart, J. (2000). Mosty zamiast murów: o komunikowaniu się między ludźmi: praca zbiorowa, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Walsh, C.E., O’Leary, D.K. (2013). A comparative study of the marital relationship between parents with children with autism and those with children without autism, Good Autism Practice (GAP), 14 (1), 28-33.