Jak cytować
Abstrakt
Niepłodność, czyli brak ciąży pomimo rocznego starania, zawsze powinna być rozpatrywana jako cecha pary, a nie osoby. Rzadko niepłodność wynika z problemu wyłącznie jednego z małżonków, dlatego zawsze należy dążyć do optymalizacji potencjału płodności po obydwu stronach. Tylko takie postępowanie zapewnia najwyższą skuteczność i skraca czas oczekiwania na ciążę. Szacuje się, że niepłodność dotyka ok. 15% par i u połowy czynnik męski jest przeważający. Współczesna cywilizacja niesie ze sobą szereg czynników redukujących męską płodność. Długotrwałe odkładanie rodzicielstwa grozi niepłodnością. Podobnie jak u kobiet, również u mężczyzn dochodzi do spadku płodności. Występuje to jednak 15 lat później. Wśród innych czynników ekspozycja na ksenobiotyki wydaje się najistotniejsza w okresie rozwoju płodowego. Narażenie jąder na podwyższoną temperaturę w okresie dzieciństwa i w życiu dorosłym jest jednym z ważniejszych czynników upośledzających spermatogenezę. Niedobory snu, stres, wyczerpanie psychiczne, jak również otyłość to czynniki mogące wywoływać czynnościowy hipogonadyzm i zaburzenia płodności. Innym istotnym czynnikiem obniżającym płodność są przewlekłe zapalenia w obrębie narządów płciowych oraz zmiany pozapalne. Dokładna diagnostyka pozwala na zredukowanie liczby rozpoznań „niepłodności idiopatycznej” u mężczyzn i umożliwia wdrożenie leczenia przyczynowego, które powinno być zawsze leczeniem pierwszego wyboru. Ponadto należy stosować strategie optymalizacji płodności o udowodnionej skuteczności i równocześnie poprawiać płodność partnerki.
Bibliografia
Adamopoulos D.A. i in. (2006), Incidence of dysspermia categories in a contem-porary diagnostic setting, Andrologie, 16, 319–320.
Barsky M., St Marie P., Rahil T., Markenson G.R., Sites C. K. (2016), Are perinatal outcomes af fected by blastocyst vitrification and warming?, The American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nov, 603.e1-603.e5.
Bonduelle M. i in. (2002), Neonatal data on a cohort of 2889 infants born after ICSI (1991-1999) and of 2995 infants born after IVF (1983-1999), Human Reproduction, 17(3), 671-694.
Capalbo A i in. (2016), Implementing PGD/PGD-A in IVF clinics: considerations for the best labo ratory approach and management, Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 33(10), 1279-1286.
Chen M. i in. (2014), Altered glucose metabolism in mouse and humans conceived by IVF. Diabetes. Oct;63(10):3189-98.
Comhaire F., Mahmoud A. (2013), An Update on Treatments and Interventions for Male Infertility, and the Role of Nutriceutical Food Supplementation. Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 3, 1-16
Davidson H. A. (1954), Treatment of male subfertility; testicular temperature and varicoceles, Pracitioner, 173 (1038), 703-708.
Eisenberg M. L. i in. (2014), Semen quality, infertility and mortality in the USA, Human Reproduction, 29(7), 1567-74.
Frankenhuis M. T., Wensing C. J. (1979), Induction of spermatogenesis in the naturally cryptorchid pig, Fertility and Sterility, 31(4), 428-33.
Frączek M. i in. (2016), The effect of bacteriospermia and leukocytospermia on conventional and nonconventional semen parameters in healthy young normozoospermic males, Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 118, 18-27.
Galo S i in. (2015), Effect of antioxidants and myo-inositol on spermiogram, Klin. Urol; 11 (1).
Gandhi J. i in. (2014), Impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis activity, spermatogenesis, and sperm function promote infertility in males with lead poisoning, Zygote, 25(2), 103-110.
Greco E. i in. (2013), Birth of 16 healthy children after ICSI in cases of nonmosaic Klinefelter syndrome, Human Reproduction, 28(5), 1155-1160.
Gulino F. A. i in. (2016), Effect of treatment with myo-inositol on semen parameters of patients undergoing an IVF cycle: in vivo study, Gynecology and Endocrinology, 32(1), 65-68.
Halliday J., Oke K., Breheny S., Algar E.J, Amor D. (2004), Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and IVF: a case-control study, The American Journal of Human Genetics; 75(3), 526-528.
Heffner L. J. (2004), Advanced maternal age - how old is too old?, The New England Journal of Medicine, 4; 351(19), 1927-1929.
Hilgers T.W., Daly K.D., Prebil A.M., Hilgers S.K. (1992), Cumulative pregnancy rates in patients with apparently normal fertility and fertility-focused intercourse, Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 37(10), 864-866.
Imamovic Kumalic S., Pinter B. (2014), Review of clinical trials on effects of oral antioxidants on basic semen and other parameters in idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, BioMed Research International, 426951.
Jung A., Eberl M., Schill W. B. 2001, Improvement of semen quality by nocturnal scrotal cooling and moderate behavioural change to reduce genital heat stress in men with oligoasthenotera tozoospermia, Reproduction, 121(4), 595-603.
Jung A., Schill W.B., Schuppe H.C. (2005), Improvement of semen quality by nocturnal scrotal cooling in oligozoospermic men with a history of testicular maldescent, International Journal of Andrology, 28(2), 93-98.
Jung A., Schuppe H. C. (2007), Influence of genital heat stress on semen quality in humans, Andrologia, 39(6), 203-215.
Jungwirth A., i in. (2017), European Association of Urology guidelines on Male Infertility. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591628
Kamel R. M. (2010) Management of the infertile couple: an evidence-based protocol, Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 8, 21–28.
Kamphuis E.I., Bhattacharya S., van der Veen F., Mol B.W., Templeton A. (2014), Evidence Based IVF Group. Are we overusing IVF?, British Medical Journal, 28;348:g252.
King J.L. i in. (2010), Skewed X inactivation and IVF-conceived infants, Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 20(5), 660-663.
Krause W. (2008), Drugs compromising male sexual health. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer.
Lane M., Robker R.L., Robertson S.A. (2014), Parenting from before conception, Scence, 15; 345(6198), 756-760.
Levi Setti P.E. i in. (2016), Obstetric outcome and incidence of congenital anomalies in 2351 IVF/ICSI babies, Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 33(6), 711-117.
Li Y., Cao Y., Wang F., Li C. (2014), Scrotal heat induced the Nrf2-driven antioxidant response during oxidative stress and apoptosis in the mouse testis, Acta Histochemica, 116(5), 883-890.
Lidegaard O., Pinborg A., Andersen A.N. (2005), Imprinting diseases and IVF: Danish National IVF cohort study, Human Reproduction, 20(4), 950-954.
Montanino O.M. i in. (2016), Effect of Myoinositol and Antioxidants on Sperm Quality in Men with Metabolic Syndrome, International Journal of Endocrinology; 1674950.
Mulcahy J.J. (1984), Scrotal hypothermia and the infertile man, Journal of Urology, 132(3), 469-470.
Nelissen E.C. (2013), Placentas from pregnancies conceived by IVF/ICSI have a reduced DNA methylation level at the H19 and MEST differentially methylated regions, Human Reproduction, Apr;28(4):1117-26.
NICE CG156 (2017), Fertility problems: assessment and fertility problems: assessment and treatment, Clinical guideline, Published: 20.02.2017, nice.org.uk/guidance/cg156
Nikolopoulos I., Osman W., Haoula Z., Jayaprakasan K., Atiomo W. (2013), Scrotal cooling and its benefits to male fertility: a systematic review, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 33(4), 338-342.
Palermo G., Joris H., Devroey P., Van Steirteghem A. C. (1992), Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte, Lancet, 4; 340(8810), 17-18.
Pandey S., Shetty A., Hamilton M., Bhattacharya S., Maheshwari A. (2012), Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies resulting from IVF/ICSI: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Human Reproduction Update, Sep-Oct;18(5):485-503.
Paul C., Teng S., Saunders P.T. (2009), A single, mild, transient scrotal heat stress causes hypoxia and oxidative stress in mouse testes, which induces germ cell death, Biology of Reproduction. 80(5), 913-919.
Radwan M. i in. (2018), Air Pollution and Human Sperm Sex Ratio, The American Journal of Men’s Health, 1:1557988317752608.
Ramlau-Hansen C.H., Thulstrup A.M., Storgaard L., Toft G., Olsen J., Bonde J.P. (2007), Is pre natal exposure to tobacco smoking a cause of poor semen quality? A follow-up study, The American Journal of Epidemiology, 15;165(12), 1372-1379.
Ratcliffe A.A., Hill A., Walraven G. (2000), Separate lives, different interests: male and female reproduction in the Gambia, Bulletin World Health Organization, 78(5), 570–579.
Rexhaj E. i in. (2013), Mice generated by in vitro fertilization exhibit vascular dysfunction and shortened life span, The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 123(12), 5052-5060.
Robinson D., Rock J., Menkin M.F. (1968), Control of human spermatogenesis by induced changes of intrascrotal temperature, JAMA, 22;2 04(4), 290-297.
Rutkowska A. i in. (2015), W. Polish Society of Endocrinology Position statement on endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), Endokrynologia Polska, 66(3), 276-281.
Salas-Huetos A., Bulló M., Salas-Salvadó J. (2017), Dietary patterns, foods and nutrients in male fertility parameters and fecundability: a systematic review of observational studies, Human Reproduction Update, 1; 23(4), 371-389.
Sanchez-Albisua I., Borell-Kost S., Mau-Holzmann U.A., Licht P., Krägeloh-Mann I. (2007), Increased frequency of severe major anomalies in children conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 49(2), 129-34.
Santi D. i in. (2018), Seasonal variation of semen parameters correlates with environmental temperature and air pollution: A big data analysis over 6 years, Environmental Pollution, 235, 806-813.
Scherrer U. i in. (2012), Systemic and pulmonary vascular dysfunction in children conceived by assisted reproductive technologies, Circulation, 17; 125(15), 1890-1896.
Sermondade N. i in. (2013), BMI in relation to sperm count: an updated systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis, Human Reproduction Update, 19(3), 221-231.
Sharma R., Harlev A., Agarwal A., Esteves S.C. (2016), Cigarette Smoking and Semen Quality: A New Meta-analysis Examining the Effect of the 2010 World Health Organization Laboratory Methods for the Examination of Human Semen, European Urology,70(4), 635-645.
Showell M.G. i in. (2014), Antioxidants for male subfertility, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 12: CD007411.
Skakkebaek N.E., Rajpert-De Meyts E., Buck Louis G.M., Toppari J., Andersson A. M., Eisenberg M.L., Jensen T.K., Jørgensen N., Swan S.H., Sapra K.J., Ziebe S., Priskorn L., Juul A. (2016), Male Reproductive Disorders and Fertility Trends: Influences of Environment and Genetic Susceptibility, Physiological Reviews, 96(1), 55-97.
Skakkebaek N.E., Rajpert-De Meyts E., Main K.M. (2001), Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an in creasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects, Human Reproduction, 16(5), 972-978.
Stańczak J., Stelmach K., Urbanowicz M. (2016), Małżeństwa oraz dzietność w Polsce, Opracowanie GUS.
Tremellen K. (2016), Gut Endotoxin Leading to a Decline IN Gonadal function (GELDING) a novel theory for the development of late onset hypogonadism in obese men, Basic and Clinical Andrology, 22, 26-27.
Valenzuela-Alcaraz B., Crispi F., Bijnens B., Cruz-Lemini M., Creus M., Sitges M., Bartrons J., Civico S., Balasch J., Gratacós E. (2013), Assisted reproductive technologies are associated with cardiovascular remodeling in utero that persists postnatally, Circulation, 24;128(13), 1442-1450.
Vallés A. S., Aveldaño M. I., Furland N. E. (2014), Altered lipid homeostasis in Sertoli cells stressed by mild hyperthermia, PLoS One, 1;9(4):e91127.
WHO (2016), Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/
WHO laboratory manual for the Examination and processing of human semen (2010), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Yao D.F., Mills J.N. (2016), Male infertility: lifestyle factors and holistic, complementary, and alternative therapies. Asian Journal of Andrology, 18(3), 410-418.
Zorgniotti A.W., Cohen M.S., Sealfon A.I. (1986), Chronic scrotal hypothermia: results in 90 infertile couples, Journal of Urology, 135(5), 944-947.