Uwolnić podmiot od jego czynu. Fenomenologia i hermeneutyka wybaczenia Paula Ricoeura

Abstrakt

The purpose of this paper is to present the issue of forgiveness in the thought of the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur. The author raised this problem in his late work Memory, History, Oblivion, however the earlier studies constitute the anthropological preparing for exploring the question of forgiveness. At first two main phenomena are exposed: fault and forgiving. They determine specific relation that Ricoeur defines as an “equation of forgiveness”. This relation has vertical character – the depth of fault is confronted with the height of forgiveness. The philosopher examines also the social dimension of fault, trying to detect the possibility of forgiveness. He talks about the criminal, political and moral fault. However in the terms of institution the fault remains inexcusable and certain gestures, e.g. respect towards the guilty, are only a weak approximation of the forgiveness. Ricoeur examines also the horizontal relation between the request for forgiving and granting it, asking if the reciprocity is here possible. The problems with forgiving to yourself shows the weakness of this solution. The enigma of forgiving is lighten finally by the relation between the subject and his act. The essence of the forgiveness is to deliver the subject form his act, as says the formula: “you are worth more than your acts”.