The debate over the conscience clause exercised by the healthcare professionals in Italy between 2023 and 2026
Quarterly Journal Fides et Ratio. Issue 67(3)2026. Life and Fertility, Life and Health. An Interdisciplinary Approach
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Keywords

medical abortion
bioethics
medical ethics
conscience clause
medically assisted suicide
Constitutional Court

How to Cite

Kobyliński, A. (2026). The debate over the conscience clause exercised by the healthcare professionals in Italy between 2023 and 2026. Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides Et Ratio, 67(3), 131-140. https://doi.org/10.34766/dwd87443

Abstract

The main goal of this article is to analyse the ethical and legal debate being held in Italy, that concerns the use of the conscience clause by healthcare professionals. The conscience clause refers to the possibility of stating one’s refusal to carry out any legally accepted acts which a particular individual considers to be morally wrongful, as well as contrary to their personal beliefs. The conscience clause is a legal structure that supports the exercise of the right to conscientious objection. Within the Italian legal system there are two forms of stating the refusal to comply with legally binding clauses on the basis of personal worldview: it is possible to decline to perform the military service (which was compulsory in that country until 2004) and to exercise the medical principle of conscience clause. With regards to the medical doctors, pharmacists, nurses and midwives, the conscience clause applies in particular to performing medical procedures, such as assisted suicide for the elderly or the terminally ill, as well as to executing a surgical and/or pharmacological abortion or any prenatal diagnosis used to terminate the life of a human being with various forms of disabilities or else making use of human embryos for laboratory research, etc. In Italy, for many years there has been taking place an intense debate regarding the application of the conscience clause in the context of abortion procedures. In 2026, the Constitutional Court gave a ruling statement on this matter that reviewed the legislation in force in the Region of Sicily. The law passed by that regional parliament could have led to discrimination against any healthcare professionals that would exercise the conscience clause. The ruling of the Court reinforced the constitutional validity of the principle of conscientious objection and protected it from attacks by politicians and pro-choice activists. Besides, the pro-life groups regarded this ruling as a victory in favour of freedom of conscience, natural law, common sense and human rights. The debate over the conscience clause in Italy touches on many important issues at the intersection of law and ethics. Multiple analyses have shown that healthcare professionals should have the right guaranteed to refuse to perform any medical procedures that conflict with their moral and religious beliefs.

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