Developmental Regularities and the Issue of Adopting Homosexual Orientation by Adolescents - a Review of Research and Opinions
pdf

Keywords

sexual orientation
sexuality
homosexuality
developmental factors
adolescence

How to Cite

Margasiński, A., & Białecka, B. (2021). Developmental Regularities and the Issue of Adopting Homosexual Orientation by Adolescents - a Review of Research and Opinions. Quarterly Journal Fides Et Ratio, 47(3), 239-260. https://doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v47i3.697
Keywords

Abstract

The article responds to practical dillemas of parents, psychologists or educators who come across teenagers declaring their homosexual orientation.  In this overview, the authors discuss primary developmental factors and they point out the dynamic specific of adolescence, comprising also a psychosexual growth. Current research review shows that sexual orientation has a developmental and often fluent character, mostly in a heterosexual direction, and that a research on homosexuality leads to the conclusion, that it's etiology is multifactoral, with predominance of environmental over  the genetic factors. For these reasons, early declarations of homosexual orientation uttered by teenagers rather should not be supported. At the end, a reader can find pieces of practical advice for psychologists, educators and parents.

https://doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v47i3.697
pdf

References

Alexander, G.M., Wilcox, T., & Woods, R. (2009). Sex Differences in Infants’ Visual Interest in Toys, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38 (3), 427–433, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9430-1.

Altman, L. (2008, sierpień 3). H.I.V. Study Finds Rate 40% Higher Than Estimated, The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/03/health/03aids.html (access: 05.02.2011).

American Psychological Association. (2008). Answers to your questions: For a better understanding of sexual orientation and homosexuality, www.apa.org/topics/sorientation.pdf (access: 14.06.2012).

American Psychological Association (2009). Report of the Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation, American Psychological Association, https://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/therapeutic-response.pdf (access: 08.10.2010).

American Psychological Association (2018). Answers to your questions: For a better understanding of sexual orientation and homosexuality, https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/orientation (access: 05.05.2019).

Bailey, J.M., Miller, J.S., & Willerman, L. (1993). Maternally rated childhood gender nonconformity in homosexuals and heterosexuals, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 22 (5), 461–469, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01542559

Bancroft, J. (2019). Seksualność człowieka, Wrocław: Edra Urban & Partner.

Bearman, P. S., & Brückner, H. (2002). Opposite- Sex Twins and Adolescent Same- Sex Attraction, American Journal of Sociology, 107 (5), 1179–1205, https://doi.org/10.1086/341906.

Beisert, M. (Ed.). (2012). Seksualność w cyklu życia człowieka, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

Bockting, W.O. (2014). Transgender identity development, (in:) D.L. Tolman & L.M. Diamond (Eds.), APA handbook of sexuality and psychology, Vol. 1: Person-based approaches, p. 739–758. Washington: American Psychological Association, https://doi.org/10.1037/14193-024

Bogaert, A. F., & Hershberger, S. (1999). The Relation Between Sexual Orientation and Penile Size, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 28 (3), 213–221, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018780108597

Brennan, D.J., Hellerstedt, W.L., Ross, M.W., & Welles, S.L. (2007). History of Childhood Sexual Abuse and HIV Risk Behaviors in Homosexual and Bisexual Men, American Journal of Public Health, 97 (6), 1107–1112, https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.071423

Brodziak, A., & Kłopotowski, T. (2013). Biologiczne i środowiskowe uwarunkowania orientacji seksualnej, Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis, 67 (4), 256–267.

Bryant, P., & Colman, A. (1995). Psychologia rozwojowa, Poznań: Wydawnictwo Zysk i S-ka.

Czyżowska, D. (2005). Style tożsamości a rozwój rozumowania moralnego jednostki, Psychologia Rozwojowa, 10 (4), 3–82.

Dahl, R.E. (2004). Adolescent Brain Development: A Period of Vulnerabilities and Opportunities. Keynote Address, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021 (1), 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1308.001.

Diamond, L.M. (2000). Sexual identity, attractions, and behavior among young sexual- minority women over a 2-year period, Developmental Psychology, 36 (2), 241–250, https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.241

Diamond, L.M. (2014). Gender and same-sex sexuality, In: D.L. Tolman & L.M. Diamond (Eds.), APA Handbook of Sexuality and Psychology, Volume 1. Person Based Approaches, I, T. 1, 629–652, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Diamond, L.M., & Rosky, C.J. (2016). Scrutinizing Immutability: Research on Sexual Orientation and U.S. Legal Advocacy for Sexual Minorities, The Journal of Sex Research, 53 (4–5), 363–391, https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1139665.

Dickson, N., van Roode, T., Cameron, C., & Paul, C. (2013). Stability and Change in Same-Sex Attraction, Experience, and Identity by Sex and Age in a New Zealand Birth Cohort, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(5), 753–763, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-0063-z

Eliot, L. (2011). Różowy mózg, niebieski mózg: Jak niewielkie różnice w mózgach dziewczynek i chłopców mogą stać się przepastne i co z tym zrobić, Poznań: Media Rodzina.

Erikson, E.H. (2004). Tożsamość a cykl życia, Poznań: Zysk i S-ka.

Ganna, A., Verweij, K.J.H., Nivard, M.G., Maier, R., Wedow, R., Busch, A.S., Zietsch, B.P. (2019). Large-scale GWAS reveals insights into the genetic architecture of same-sex sexual behavior, Science, 365 (6456), https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7693

GAP Report. (2014). Gay men and other men who have sex with men. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), UNAIDS, https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2014/Gaymenandothermenwhohavesexwithmen (access: 07.11.2019).

Garnets, L.D. (2002). Sexual orientations in perspective, Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8 (2), 115–129, https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.8.2.115

Garofalo, R., Wolf, R.C., Kessel, S., Palfrey, J., & DuRant, R.H. (1998). The Association Between Health Risk Behaviors and Sexual Orientation Among a School-based Sample of Adolescents, PEDIATRICS, 101 (5), 895–902, https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.101.5.895

Grunt-Mejer, K., & Iniewicz, G. (2020). Psychospołeczne korelaty orientacji seksualnej, in: W.Ł. Dragan & G. Iniewicz (Eds.), Orientacja seksualna. Źródła i konteksty, 15–49, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe SCHOLAR.

Halkitis, P.N., Wilton, L., & Drescher, J. (red.). (2005). Barebacking: Psychosocial and public health approaches, New York: Haworth Medical Press.

Hall, J.A., & Kimura, D. (1995). Sexual orientation and performance on sexually dimorphic motor tasks, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 24 (4), 395–407, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01541855

Hamer, D.H., & Copeland, P. (2007). Geny a charakter: Jak sobie radzić z genetycznym dziedzictwem, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo CiS.

Hamer, D., Hu, S., Magnuson, V., Hu, N., & Pattatucci, A. (1993). A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation, Science, 261 (5119), 321– 327, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.8332896

Hegna, K., & Wichstrøm, L. (2007). Suicide Attempts among Norwegian Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Youths: General and Specific Risk Factors, Acta Sociologica, 50 (1), 21–37, https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699307074880

Hughes, T.L., Szalacha, L.A., Johnson, T.P., Kinnison, K.E., Wilsnack, S.C., & Cho, Y. (2010).

Sexual victimization and hazardous drinking among heterosexual and sexual minority women, Addictive Behaviors, 35 (12), 1152–1156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.07.004

Imieliński, K. (1963). Geneza homo- i biseksualizmu środowiskowego: Teoria orientacji płciowej, Warszawa: Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich.

Iniewicz, G. (2012). Osoby LGB w biegu życia, (in:) G. Iniewicz, M. Mijas, & B. Grabski (eds.), Wprowadzenie do psychologii LGB, 139–153, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Continuo.

Iniewicz, G., Mijas, M., & Grabski, B. (Eds.). (2012). Wprowadzenie do psychologii LGB, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Continuo.

Izdebski, Z. (2006). Ryzykowna dekada: Seksualność Polaków w dobie HIV/AIDS: studium porównawcze 1997-2001-2005, Zielona Góra: Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego.

Izdebski, Z. (2012). Seksualność Polaków na pocza tku XXI wieku: Studium badawcze (Wyd. 1), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.

Kann, L., McManus, T., Harris, W.A., Shanklin, S.L., Flint, K.H., Hawkins, J., Zaza, S. (2016). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States 2015, MMWR, Surveillance Summaries, 65 (6), 1–174, https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6506a1

Kernberg, O.F. (1998). Związki miłosne: Norma i patologia, Poznań: Zysk i S-ka.

Kinnish, K.K., Strassberg, D.S., & Turner, C.W. (2005). Sex Differences in the Flexibility of Sexual Orientation: A Multidimensional Retrospective Assessment, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34 (2), 173–183, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-005-1795-9

Kleinplatz, P.J., & Diamond, L.M. (2014). Sexual diversity, (in:) D.L. Tolman & L.M. Diamond (eds.), APA handbook of sexuality and psychology, Vol. 1: Person-based approaches, 245–267, Washington: American Psychological Association, https://doi.org/10.1037/14193-009

Kohlberg, L. (1984). The psychology of moral development: The nature and validity of moral stages (1st ed.), San Francisco: Harper & Row.

Kosslyn, S.M., & Rosenberg, R.S. (2006). Psychologia: Mózg, człowiek, świat, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Znak.

Lalumière, M.L., Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K.J. (2000). Sexual orientation and handedness in men and women: A meta-analysis, Psychological Bulletin, 126 (4), 575–592, https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.4.575

Larson, R., & Richards, M. (1994). Family Emotions: Do Young Adolescents and Their Parents Experience the Same States? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 4 (4), 567–583.

Lemp, G.F., Hirozawa, A.M., Givertz, D., Nieri, G.N., Anderson, L., Lindegren, M.L., … Katz, M. (1994). Seroprevalence of HIV and risk behaviors among young homosexual and bisexual men. The San Francisco/Berkeley Young Men’s Survey, JAMA, 272 (6), 449– 454.

LeVay, S. (1991). A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men, Science, 253 (5023), 1034–1037, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1887219

Littman, L. (2018). Parent reports of adolescents and young adults perceived to show signs of a rapid onset of gender dysphoria, PLOS ONE, 13 (8), 1–44, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202330

Littman, L. (2019). Correction: Parent reports of adolescents and young adults perceived to show signs of a rapid onset of gender dysphoria, PLOS ONE, 14 (3), https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0214157.

Manning, J.T., Scutt, D., Wilson, J., & Lewis-Jones, D.I. (1998). The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: A predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen, Human Reproduction, 13 (11), 3000–3004, https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/13.11.3000

Marcia, J.E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3 (5), 551–558, https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023281

Mayer, L.S., & McHugh, P.R. (2016). Sexuality and Gender. Findings from the Biological, Psychological, and Social Sciences, The New Atlantis. Special Report, 50, 1–144.

McCabe, S.E., Hughes, T.L., Bostwick, W., & Boyd, C.J. (2005). Assessment of difference in dimensions of sexual orientation: Implications for substance use research in a college- age population, Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 66 (5), 620–629, https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2005.66.620

Millon, T., Davis, R.D., Millon, C., Escovar, L., & Meagher, S.E. (2013). Zaburzenia osobowości we współczesnym świecie, Warszawa: Instytut Psychologii Zdrowia. Polskie Towarzystwo Psychologiczne.

Miluska, J. (1996). Kulturowy kontekst procesu formowania tożsamości, Forum Psychologiczne, I (1–2), 83–96.

Modrzejewska, R., & Bomba, J. (2009). Porównanie objawów depresji w populacji uczniów krakowskich szkół podstawowych w latach 1984 i 2001, Psychiatria Polska, XLIII(2), 167–174.

Musiał, D. (2007). Kształtowanie się tożsamości w adolescencji, Studia z Psychologii KUL, 14, 73–92.

Obuchowska, I., & Jaczewski, A. (2002). Rozwój erotyczny, Warszawa: Żak.

Oleszkowicz, A., & Senejko, A. (2016). Dorastanie, In: J. Trempała (Ed.), Psychologia rozwoju człowieka I, 259–287, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA.

Oniszczenko, W., & Dragan, W.Ł. (2008). Genetyka zachowania w psychologii i psychiatrii, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe SCHOLAR.

Ott, M.Q., Corliss, H.L., Wypij, D., Rosario, M., & Austin, S.B. (2011). Stability and Change in Self-Reported Sexual Orientation Identity in Young People: Application of Mobility Metrics, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(3), 519–532, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-010-9691-3

Paszewski, A. (2016). Przyczyny orientacji homoseksualnej—Co wnoszą do wiedzy badania nad bliźniakami, Family Forum, 6, 31–43.

Peplau, L.A., & Garnets, L.D. (2000). A New Paradigm for Understanding Women’s Sexuality and Sexual Orientation, Journal of Social Issues, 56 (2), 330–350, https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00169

Pervin, L.A., & John, O.P. (2002). Osobowość: Teoria i badania, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.

Piaget, J. (2012). Mowa i myślenie dziecka, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

Pinker, S. (2012). Tabula rasa: Spory o naturę ludzką, Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.

Plomin, R., DeFries, J., McClearn, G., & McGuffin, P. (2001). Genetyka zachowania, Warszawa: Wydaw. Naukowe PWN.

Rahman, Q., & Silber, K. (2000). Sexual Orientation and the Sleep–Wake Cycle: A Preliminary Investigation, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29 (2), 127–134, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1001999821083

Remafedi, G., French, S., Story, M., Resnick, M.D., & Blum, R. (1998). The relationship between suicide risk and sexual orientation: Results of a population-based study, American Journal of Public Health, 88 (1), 57–60, https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.88.1.57

Rosario, M., & Schrimshaw, E.W. (2014). Theories and etiologies of sexual orientation, (in:) D.L. Tolman & L.M. Diamond (Eds.), APA Handbook of Sexuality and Psychology, Volume 1. Person Based Approaches, T. 1, 555–596, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Rosenblum, G., & Lewis, M. (2004). Emotional development in adolescence, (in:) G. Adams & M. Berzonsky (eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Adolescence, 270–285, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

Rothman, E.F., Exner, D., & Baughman, A.L. (2011). The Prevalence of Sexual Assault Against People Who Identify as Gay, Lesbian, or Bisexual in the United States: A Systematic Review, Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 12 (2), 55–66, https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838010390707

Sandfort, T. (1997). Sampling male homosexuality, In: J. Bancroft (Ed.), Researching sexual behavior: Methodological issues, 261–275, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Savin-Williams, R.C. (2006). The new gay teenager, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/qut/detail.action?docID=3300069 (access: 02.09.2018).

Savin-Williams, R.C. (2011). Homoseksualność w rodzinie: Ujawnianie tajemnicy, Sopot: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.

Savin-Williams, R.C., & Ream, G.L. (2007). Prevalence and Stability of Sexual Orientation Components During Adolescence and Young Adulthood, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36 (3), 385–394, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9088-5

Seligman, M.E.P., Walker, E.F., & Rosenhan, D.L. (2017). Psychopatologia, Poznań: Zysk i S-ka. Silventoinen, K., Magnusson, P.K.E., Tynelius, P., Kaprio, J., & Rasmussen, F. (2008). Heritability of body size and muscle strength in young adulthood: A study of one million Swedish men, Genetic Epidemiology, 32 (4), 341–349, https://doi.org/10.1002/gepi.20308

Strauch, B. (2004). The primal teen: What the new discoveries about the teenage brain tell us about our kids, New York: Anchor Books, https://archive.org/details/primalteen00barb (access: 05.06.2018)

Tomeo, M.E., Templer, D.I., Anderson, S., & Kotler, D. (2001). Comparative Data of Childhood and Adolescence Molestation in Heterosexual and Homosexual Persons, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 30 (5), 535–541, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010243318426

UNAIDS. (2018). UNAIDS Data 2018, https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/unaids-data-2018_en.pdf (access: 12.10.2019).

Whitehead, N., & Whitehead, B. (2018). My genes made me do it!: Homosexuality and the scientific evidence, Lower Hutt: Whitehead Associates, http://natlib-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/NLNZ:NLNZ:NLNZ_ALMA11308397860002836 (access: 12.10.2019).

Whitehead, N.E. (2011). Neither Genes nor Choice: Same-Sex Attraction Is Mostly a Unique Reaction to Environmental Factors, Journal of Human Sexuality, (3), 81–114, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285329852_Neither_genes_nor_choice_Same-sex_attraction_is_mostly_a_unique_reaction_to_environmental_factors (access: 12.02.2013).

Wolański, N. (2012). Rozwój biologiczny człowieka: Podstawy auksologii, gerontologii i promocji zdrowia, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.