Keywords
reflectivity
self-compassion
self-esteem
self-kindness
How to Cite
Abstract
Compassion is most often associated with an attitude to the other human who is experiencing suffering, hardship or adversity. Psychology has of late pointed out that the same ought to be also applied to oneself. Self-compassion transpires to be a healthy attitude towards oneself, not burdened with negative consequences, like high self-esteem. The article describes this construct and analyses differences between self-compassion, self-pity and self-esteem. It compiles correlation tests of self-compassion and shows its connections with such psychological variables as personality traits, coping with a difficult life, eating habits or functioning as a parent.
References
Aberson, C.L., Healy, M., Romero, V. (2000). Ingroup bias and self-esteem: A metaanalysis, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 157-173, doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_04.
Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice, Cambrigde, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Baumeister, R.F., Campbell, J.D., Krueger, J.I., Vohs, K.D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 1-44, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1529-1006.01431.
Bernard, L.K., Curry, J.F. (2011). Self-compassion: Conceptualiazations, correlates and interventions, Review of General Psychology, 4, 289-303, doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025754.
Charmaz, K. (1980). The social construction of self-pity in the chronically ill, Studies in Symbolic Interaction, 3, 123-145.
Damon, W. (1995). Greater expectations : Overcoming the culture of indulgence in America’s homes and schools, New York: Free Press.
Deci, E.L., Ryan, R.M. (1995). Human autonomy: The basis for true self-esteem, (in:) M.H. Kernis (ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem, 31-49, New York: Plenum.
Deniz, M.E., Kesici, S., Sümer, A.S. (2008). The Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Self-Compassion Scale, Social Behavior and Personality, 9 (36), 1151-1160, doi: https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.9.1151.
Dzwonkowska, I. (2011). Współczucie wobec samego siebie (self-compassion) jako moderator wpływu samooceny globalnej na afektywne funkcjonowanie ludzi, Psychologia Społeczna, 1, 67-79.
Dzwonkowska, I. (2013). Współczucie wobec samego siebie a inne wymiary osobowości oraz emocjonalne funkcjonowanie ludzi, Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 2 (19), 303-313.
Dzwonkowska I., Lachowicz-Tabaczek, K., Łaguna, M. (2008). Samoocena i jej pomiar. Polska adaptacja skali SES M. Rosenberga. Podręcznik, Warszawa: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych.
Ferreira, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Duarte, C. (2013). Self-compassion in the face of shame and body image dissatisfaction:Implications foreating disorders, Eating Behaviors, 14, 207-210, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.01.005.
Gouveia, M. J., Carona, C., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2016). Self-compassion and dispositional mindfulness are associated with parenting styles and parenting stress: the mediating role of mindful parenting, Mindfulness, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0507-y.
Homan, K.J., Tylka, T.L. (2015). Self-compassion moderates body comparison and appearanceself-worth’s inverse relationships with body appreciation, Body Image, 15, 1-7.
Kernis, M. (1993). The roles of stability and level of self-esteem in psychological functioning, (in:) R.F. Baumeister (ed.), Self-esteem. The puzzle of low self-regard, 167-182, New York: Plenum Press.
Kirby, J.N., Tellegen, C.L., Steindl, T.S. (2017). A Meta-Analysis of Compassion-Based Interventions: Current State of Knowledge and Future Directions, Behavior Therapy, 6 (48), 778-792, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.06.003 .
Leary, M.R., Tate, E.B., Adams, C.E., Allen, A.B., Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5 (92), 887-904.
Neff, K. (2003a). Self-compassion: an alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward one self, Self and Identity, 2, 85-100.
Neff, K. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure Self-compassion, Self and Identity, 2, 223-250.
Neff, K.D, Hsieh, Y.P., Dejitterat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure, Self and Identity, 4, 263-287.
Neff, K.D., Kirkpatrick, K., Rude, S.S. (2007a). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning, Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 139-154.
Neff, K.D., Rude, S.S., Kirkpatrick, K. (2007b). An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits, Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 908-916.
Neff, K.D, Vonk, R. (2009). Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself, Journal of Personality, 1 (77), 23-50.
Neff, K.D., McGeehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults, Self and Identity, 9, 225-240.
Pepping, C.A., Davis, P.J., O'Donovan, A., Pal, J. (2014). Individual Differences in Self-Compassion: The Role of Attachment and Experiences of Parenting in Childhood, Self and Identity, 14, 104-117, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2014.955050.
Psychogiou, L., Legge, K., Parry, E., Mann, J., Nath, S., Ford, T., Kuyken, W. (2016). Self-Compassion and Parenting in Mothers and Fathers with Depression, Mindfulness, 7, 896–908, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0528-6.
Schoenefeld, S.J., Webb, J.B. (2013). Self-compassion and intuitive eating in college women: Examining the contributions of distress tolerance and body image acceptance and action, Eating Behaviors, 4 (14), 493-496, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.09.001.
Seligman, M.E. (1995). The optimistic child, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Stöber, J. (2003). Self-pity: Exploring the links to personality, control beliefs, and anger, Journal of Personality, 2, 183-220, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.7102004.
Tylka, T.L., Russell, H.L., Neal, A.A. (2015). Self-compassion as a moderator of thinness related pressures' associations with thin-ideal internalization and disordered eating, Eating Behaviors, 17, 23-26, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.12.009.
Wren, A.A., Somers, T.J., Wright, M.A., Goetz, M.C., Leary, M.R., Fras, A.M., Huh, B.K., Rogers, L.L., Keefe, F.J. (2012). Self-Compassion in Patients With Persistent Musculoskeletal Pain: Relationship of Self-Compassion to Adjustment to Persistent Pain, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 4 (43), 759-770, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.04.014.