How to Cite
Jastrzębski, J., Drążdżewska, A., Nazarowicz, M., & Przybysz, N. (2016). Emotions and attachment behavior in men and women in early adulthood. Quarterly Journal Fides Et Ratio, 28(4), 90-118. Retrieved from https://fidesetratio.com.pl/ojs/index.php/FetR/article/view/727
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Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between emotion and attachment behavior in men and women in early adulthood. Theoretical framework of this research was the Carroll E. Izard Differential-Emotions Theory and Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt typology of attachment behavior. They show that the frequency of making attachment behavior - and derive pleasure from this activity - depends on the individual and the established willingness to experience positive and negative emotions. The study involved 87 respondents (43 women and 44 men) between 20 and 30 years old. Emotions were studied using Differential Emotions Scale DES-IV developed by Carroll E. Izard adapted to Polish conditions by Jaroslaw Jastrzebski. The frequency of making attachment behavior and enjoyment of this has been studied by means of Attachment Behavior Inventory IZW developed by Alicja Kuczyńska.
The results showed that men and women in romantic relationships are very similar in terms of the frequency of making attachment behavior. They differ only in the case of sexual behavior: men more than women use sexual behavior to maintain relationships. Results of the research did not reveal the sex differences in terms of the pleasure of making attachment behavior. Confirmed hypotheses about the relationship between emotions and attachment behavior: joy turned out to be the most important emotion in taking pleasure from making attachment behaviour. Negative emotions, such as disgust, contempt, anger, shame and shyness decreased frequency of making attachment behaviour.
References
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Buss, D.M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 1-49.
Buss, D.M. (1994). The strategies of human mating. American Scientist, 82, 238-249.
Buss, D.M. (2001). Psychologia ewolucyjna. Gdańsk: GWP.
Collins, N.L., Read, S.J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 644-663.
De Catanzaro, D.A. (2003). Motywacje i emocje: w ujęciu ewolucyjnym, fizjologicznym, rozwojowym i społecznym. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Zysk i S-ka.
Drosher, V.B, (1980). Cena miłości. Warszawa: PIW
Drosher, V.B. (1988). Rodzinne gniazdo. Warszawa: PIW
Dyamond, R. (1954). Interpersonal perception and marital happines. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 8, 164-171.
Eibl- Eibesfeldt, I. (1987). Miłość i nienawiść. Warszawa: PWN.
Ekman, P., Davidson R.J. (2002). Natura emocji: podstawowe zagadnienia. Gdańsk: GWP.
Fabes, R.A., Eisenberg, N., Karbon, M., Troyer, D., Switzer, G. (1994). The relations of children’s emotion regulation to their vicarious emotional responses and comforting behaviors. Child Development, 65, 1678-1693.
Fisher, H.E. (1994). Anatomia miłości. Poznań: Zysk i S-ka.
Frijda, N.H. (2002). Emocje są funkcjonalne – na ogół. W: P. Ekman, R.J. Davidson (red.), Natura emocji (s. 102-111). Gdańsk: GWP.
Gasiul, H. (2007). Teorie emocji i motywacji. Warszwa. Wydawnictwo UKSW.
Hamilton, G. V. (1929). A research in marriage. New York: A nad C Boni inc.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P.R. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 1-22.
Hendrick, C., Hendrick, S. (1989). Research on love: Does it m easure up? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 784-794.
Hinde, R.A. (1984). Why do the sexes behave differently in close relationships? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1, 471-501.
Izard, C.E. (1971). The face of emotion. New York: Apleton- Century-Crofts.
Izard, C.E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
Izard, C.E. (1990). Facial expressions and the regulation of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 487-498.
Izard, C.E. (1991). The psychology of emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
Izard, C.E. (1993). Four systems for emotion activation: Cognitive and noncognitive processes. Psychological Rewiew, 100, 68-90.
Izard, C.E., Ackerman, B.P. (2005). Motywacyjne, organizacyjne i regulujące funkcje odrębnych emocji. W: M. Levis, J.M. Haviland–Jones (red.), Psychologia emocji (s. 327-341). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Izard, C.E., Youngstrom, E.A. (1996). The activation and regulation of fear and anxiety. W: D.A. Hope (red.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: vol. 43. Perspectives in anxiety, panic, and fear (s. 2-59). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Kenrick, D.T., Trost, M.R. (1989). A reproductive exchange model of heterosexual relationships: Putting proximate economics in ultimate perspective. W: C. Hendrick (red.), Close relationships (s. 92-118). Newbury Park CA: Sage.
Kuczyńska, A. (1998). Sposób na bliski związek. Zachowania wiążące w procesie kształtowania się i utrzymania więzi w bliskich związkach. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Psychologii PAN.
Kuczyńska, A. (1991). The effects of courting behawior on willingness of people to make an acquaintance. Referat wygłoszony na konferencji EABT, Oslo.
Lazarus, R.S. (1984). On the primacy of cognition. American Psychologist, 39, 124-129.
Lazarus, R.S. (1991). Emotion and adaption. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lewis, H. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. New York: International Universities Press.
Levenson, R.W. (2002). Funkcjonalne podejście do ludzkich emocji. W: P. Ekman, R.J. Davidson (red.), Natura emocji (s. 112-115). Gdańsk: GWP.
Lorenz, K. (1975). Tak zwane zło. Warszawa: PIW.
Łosiak, W. (2007). Psychologia emocji. Warszawa: WAiP.
Morris, D. (1974). Naga małpa. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo WP.
Mowrer, O.H. (1965). Learning theory and behawior therapy. W: B.B. Wolman (red.), Handbook of clinical psychology (s.243-273). New York. McGrwa- Hill Book Company.
Nye, L., Bayer, A.E. (1963). Some recent trends in family research. Social forces, 41, 290-301.
Plopa, M. (2005). Więzi w małżeństwie i rodzinie. Metody badań. Kraków: Impuls.
Plutchik, R. (1984). Emotions: A general psychoevolutionary theory. W: K.R. Scherer i P. Ekman (red.), Approaches to emotion, (s. 197–219). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Plutchik, R. (1991). Emotions and evolution. W: K.T. Strongman (red.), International review of studies on emotion (s. 37-58). Chichester, England: Wiley.
Ryś, M. (1999). Psychologia małżeństwa w zarysie. Warszawa: CMPPP.
Shaver, P.R., Hazan, C., & Bradshaw, D. (1988). Love as attachment: The integration of three behavioral systems. W: R.J. Steinberg & M.L. Barnes (red.), The psychology of love (s. 68-99). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Spanier, G.B., Lewis, R.A. (1980). Marital quality: A review of the seventies. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42, 825-839.
Stein, N.L., Trabasso, T. (1992). The organization of emotional experience: Creating links among emotion, thinking, language and intentional action. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 225-244.
Sternberg, R.J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93, 119-135.
Szopiński, J. (1980). Skala Więzi Małżeńskiej. W: Z. Ratajczak (red.), Psychologia w służbie człowieka (s. 101-109.). Warszawa: PWN.
Szopiński, J. (1981). Więź psychiczna a zadowolenie z małżeństwa. Problemy Rodziny, 5, 17-21.
Terman, L. M. (1938). Psychological factors in marital happiness. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Tinbergen, N. (1976). Badania nad instynktem. Warszawa: PWN.
Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness: Vol.1. The positive affects. New York: Springer.
Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1990). The past explains the present: Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments. Ethology and Sociobiology, 11, 375-424.
Wojciszke, B. (1991). Procesy oceniania ludzi. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Nakom.
Bedyńska, S., Cypryańska, M. (2013). Statystyczny drogowskaz. Tom 1. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie Sedno.
Blood, R.O., Wolfe, D.M. (1960). Husbands and wives: The dynamics of married living. Glencoe: The Free Press.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.
Braun-Gałkowska, M. (1985). Miłość aktywna: psychiczne uwarunkowania powodzenia małżeństwa. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy PAX.
Burgess, E.W., Cotrell, L. S. (1939). Predicting success or failure in marriage. New York: Prentice Hall.
Buss, D.M. (1988). The evolution of human intrasexual competition: tactics of mate attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54.
Buss, D.M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 1-49.
Buss, D.M. (1994). The strategies of human mating. American Scientist, 82, 238-249.
Buss, D.M. (2001). Psychologia ewolucyjna. Gdańsk: GWP.
Collins, N.L., Read, S.J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 644-663.
De Catanzaro, D.A. (2003). Motywacje i emocje: w ujęciu ewolucyjnym, fizjologicznym, rozwojowym i społecznym. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Zysk i S-ka.
Drosher, V.B, (1980). Cena miłości. Warszawa: PIW
Drosher, V.B. (1988). Rodzinne gniazdo. Warszawa: PIW
Dyamond, R. (1954). Interpersonal perception and marital happines. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 8, 164-171.
Eibl- Eibesfeldt, I. (1987). Miłość i nienawiść. Warszawa: PWN.
Ekman, P., Davidson R.J. (2002). Natura emocji: podstawowe zagadnienia. Gdańsk: GWP.
Fabes, R.A., Eisenberg, N., Karbon, M., Troyer, D., Switzer, G. (1994). The relations of children’s emotion regulation to their vicarious emotional responses and comforting behaviors. Child Development, 65, 1678-1693.
Fisher, H.E. (1994). Anatomia miłości. Poznań: Zysk i S-ka.
Frijda, N.H. (2002). Emocje są funkcjonalne – na ogół. W: P. Ekman, R.J. Davidson (red.), Natura emocji (s. 102-111). Gdańsk: GWP.
Gasiul, H. (2007). Teorie emocji i motywacji. Warszwa. Wydawnictwo UKSW.
Hamilton, G. V. (1929). A research in marriage. New York: A nad C Boni inc.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P.R. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 1-22.
Hendrick, C., Hendrick, S. (1989). Research on love: Does it m easure up? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 784-794.
Hinde, R.A. (1984). Why do the sexes behave differently in close relationships? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1, 471-501.
Izard, C.E. (1971). The face of emotion. New York: Apleton- Century-Crofts.
Izard, C.E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
Izard, C.E. (1990). Facial expressions and the regulation of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 487-498.
Izard, C.E. (1991). The psychology of emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
Izard, C.E. (1993). Four systems for emotion activation: Cognitive and noncognitive processes. Psychological Rewiew, 100, 68-90.
Izard, C.E., Ackerman, B.P. (2005). Motywacyjne, organizacyjne i regulujące funkcje odrębnych emocji. W: M. Levis, J.M. Haviland–Jones (red.), Psychologia emocji (s. 327-341). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Izard, C.E., Youngstrom, E.A. (1996). The activation and regulation of fear and anxiety. W: D.A. Hope (red.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: vol. 43. Perspectives in anxiety, panic, and fear (s. 2-59). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Kenrick, D.T., Trost, M.R. (1989). A reproductive exchange model of heterosexual relationships: Putting proximate economics in ultimate perspective. W: C. Hendrick (red.), Close relationships (s. 92-118). Newbury Park CA: Sage.
Kuczyńska, A. (1998). Sposób na bliski związek. Zachowania wiążące w procesie kształtowania się i utrzymania więzi w bliskich związkach. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Psychologii PAN.
Kuczyńska, A. (1991). The effects of courting behawior on willingness of people to make an acquaintance. Referat wygłoszony na konferencji EABT, Oslo.
Lazarus, R.S. (1984). On the primacy of cognition. American Psychologist, 39, 124-129.
Lazarus, R.S. (1991). Emotion and adaption. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lewis, H. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. New York: International Universities Press.
Levenson, R.W. (2002). Funkcjonalne podejście do ludzkich emocji. W: P. Ekman, R.J. Davidson (red.), Natura emocji (s. 112-115). Gdańsk: GWP.
Lorenz, K. (1975). Tak zwane zło. Warszawa: PIW.
Łosiak, W. (2007). Psychologia emocji. Warszawa: WAiP.
Morris, D. (1974). Naga małpa. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo WP.
Mowrer, O.H. (1965). Learning theory and behawior therapy. W: B.B. Wolman (red.), Handbook of clinical psychology (s.243-273). New York. McGrwa- Hill Book Company.
Nye, L., Bayer, A.E. (1963). Some recent trends in family research. Social forces, 41, 290-301.
Plopa, M. (2005). Więzi w małżeństwie i rodzinie. Metody badań. Kraków: Impuls.
Plutchik, R. (1984). Emotions: A general psychoevolutionary theory. W: K.R. Scherer i P. Ekman (red.), Approaches to emotion, (s. 197–219). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Plutchik, R. (1991). Emotions and evolution. W: K.T. Strongman (red.), International review of studies on emotion (s. 37-58). Chichester, England: Wiley.
Ryś, M. (1999). Psychologia małżeństwa w zarysie. Warszawa: CMPPP.
Shaver, P.R., Hazan, C., & Bradshaw, D. (1988). Love as attachment: The integration of three behavioral systems. W: R.J. Steinberg & M.L. Barnes (red.), The psychology of love (s. 68-99). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Spanier, G.B., Lewis, R.A. (1980). Marital quality: A review of the seventies. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42, 825-839.
Stein, N.L., Trabasso, T. (1992). The organization of emotional experience: Creating links among emotion, thinking, language and intentional action. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 225-244.
Sternberg, R.J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93, 119-135.
Szopiński, J. (1980). Skala Więzi Małżeńskiej. W: Z. Ratajczak (red.), Psychologia w służbie człowieka (s. 101-109.). Warszawa: PWN.
Szopiński, J. (1981). Więź psychiczna a zadowolenie z małżeństwa. Problemy Rodziny, 5, 17-21.
Terman, L. M. (1938). Psychological factors in marital happiness. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Tinbergen, N. (1976). Badania nad instynktem. Warszawa: PWN.
Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness: Vol.1. The positive affects. New York: Springer.
Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1990). The past explains the present: Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments. Ethology and Sociobiology, 11, 375-424.
Wojciszke, B. (1991). Procesy oceniania ludzi. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Nakom.
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