Abstract
In the contemporary world, one may notice that people tend to postpone their decision on having a child. A question arises what really motivates people to become a parent and increase their satisfaction with life. An attempt was made to assess the relation between childbearing motives and the sense of meaning in life and well-being as well as the potential influence of religiosity on them. The dissertation discussed the theoretical aspects of childbearing motives, the meaning in life, religiosity, well-being and their interconnectedness in the previous research. The study involved 248 respondents at the age from 19 to 63. Three research hypotheses were made: H1. Positive childbearing motives have a positive correlation with the sense of meaning in life and well-being; H2. Centrality of religiosity serves a moderating role in the relation between positive childbearing motives and the sense of meaning in life and well-being, and H3. Negative childbearing motives do not have a major correlation with the sense of meaning in life and well-being. The first and third hypotheses were partially confirmed. People characterized by positive childbearing motives felt a higher sense of meaning while centrality of religiosity served a moderating role in the relation in question. The second hypothesis was proved. The study suggests that religiosity can serve as the resource thanks to which people are able to give meaning to parenthood. The dissertation indicated the directions of further research and practical implications.
References
Abu-Hilal, M., Al-Bahrani, M., & Alzedgali, M. (2017). Can religiosity boost meaning in life and suppress stress for Muslim college students? Mental Health Religion & Culture, 20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2017.1324835
Baumann, D., Ruch, W. (2022). Measuring What Counts in Life: The Development and Initial Validation of the Fulfilled Life Scale (FLS). Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.795931
Baumeister, R.F., Vohs, K.D., Aaker, J.L., Garbinsky, E.N. (2013). Some key differences between a happy life and a meaningful life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(6), 505-516. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.830764
Bein, C., Mynarska, M., Gauthier, A.H. (2021). Do costs and benefits of children matter for religious people? Perceived consequences of parenthood and fertility intentions in Poland. Journal of Biosocial Science, 53(3), 419-435. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932020000280
Bein, C., Passet-Wittig, J., Bujard M., Gauthier, A.H. (2023). Religiosity and trajectiories of lifetime fertility intentions – Evidence from a German panel study. Advances in Life Course Research, 58, 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2023.100578
Borowska, M. (2016). Religijność a osobnicza perspektywa względem doświadczeń w rodzinie – ujęcie psychologiczne. Praca socjalna w teorii i działaniu, 2, 323-334. http://doi.org/10.15633/9788374385091.23
Brooks, A.C. (2008). Gross National Happiness: Why Happiness Matters for America – and How We Can Get More of It. New York: Basic Books.
Cranney, S. (2015). The Association Between Belief in God and Fertility Desires in Slovenia and the Czech Republic. Perspectived on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 47(2), 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1363/47e2915
Dunlop, W.L., Walker, L.J., Hanley, G.E., Harake, N. (2017). The Psychosocial Construction of Parenting: An Examination of Parenting Goals and Narratives in Relation to Well-Being, Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(6), 1729-1745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9796-z
Engel, D., Penthin, M., Pirner, M.L., Riegel, U. (2024). Religion as a Resource? The Impact of Religiosity on the Sense of Purpose in Life of Young Muslim Refugees in Germany. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/rmbfc
Frankl, V.E. (1984). Homo patiens. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy „Pax”.
Frankl, V.E. (2009). Człowiek w poszukiwaniu sensu. Warszawa: Wyd. Czarna Owca.
Frankl, V.E. (2017). Lekarz i dusza. Wprowadzenie do logoterapii i analizy egzystencjalnej. Warszawa: Wyd. Czarna Owca.
Frankl, V.E. (2019). Bóg ukryty. W poszukiwaniu ostatecznego sensu. Warszawa: Czarna Owca.
Galang, M.J., Magno, C., Paterno, V., Roldan, A. (2011). Meaning in Life, Flow, and Subjective Well-Being: A perspective on Filipino High School Students. Philippine Journal of Counseling Psychology, 13(1), 29-45.
Galbraith, Q., Callister, A., & Kelley, H. (2019). Constructing Meaning through Connection: Religious Perspectives on the Purpose of Life. International Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Society, 9(3), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.18848/2154-8633/CGP/v09i03/15-31
George, L.S., Park, C.L. (2016). Meaning in Life as Comprehension, Purpose, and Mattering: Toward Integration and New Research Questions, Review of General Psychology, 20(3), 205-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000077
Gerymski, R., Krok, D. (2020). A Polish Adaptation of the Multidimensional Existential Meaning Scale: Internal Structure, Reliability, and Validity. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 23(2), 173-190. https://doi.org/10.18290/rpsych20232-4
Grolnick, W.S., Apostoleris, N.H. (2002). What makes parents controlling? (In:) E.L. Deci, R.M. Ryan (eds.), Handbook of self-determination research, 161-181, New York: University of Rochester Press.
Grouden, M.E., Jose, P.E. (2014). How do sources of meaning in life vary according to demographic factors? New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 43(3), 29-38.
Guetto, R., Luijkx, R., Scherer, S. (2015). Religiosity, gender arrirudes and women’s labour market participation and fertility decisions in Europe. Acta Sociologica, 58(2), 155-172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699315573335
Hayford, S.R., Morgan, S.P. (2008). Religiosity and fertility in the United States: The role of fertility intentions. Social Forces, 86(3), 1163-1188. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.0.0000
Heintzelman, S.J., Mohideen, F., Oishi, S., King, L.A. (2020). Lay beliefs about meaning in life: Examinations across targets, time, and countries. Journal of Research in Personality, 88, Article 104003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104003
Hills, P., Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(7), 1071-1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
Huber, S. (2003). Zentralitdt und Inhalt. Ein neues multidimensionales Messmodell der Religiositat. Opladen: Leske + Budrich.
Huber, S., Huber, O.W. (2012). The Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS). Religions, 3(3), 710-724. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel3030710
Huczewska, I., Leśniak, J., Mynarska, M., Miller, W.B. (2023). A Short Measure of Childbearing Motivations: Development and Psychometric Evaluation in Polish Samples of Adults and Adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 32(6), 1823-1838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02497-6
Huda, N.U., Lala, B., Suneel, I. (2023). Meaning in Life and Life Satisfaction among University Students. Journal of Professional and Applied Psychology, 4(2), 181-189. https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v4i2.164
Ilska, M., Kołodziej-Zaleska, A. (2018). Dobrostan hedonistyczny i eudajmonistyczny w sytuacjach kryzysów normatywnych i nienormatywnych. Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej. Organizacja i Zarządzanie, 123, 155-184.
Józefczyk, A. (2023). Hedonic and eudaimonistic well-being: integration of the perspectives as a direction for further research. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 28(1), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.34767/PFP.2023.01.01
Karaś, D., Cieciuch, J. (2017). Polska Adaptacja Kwestionariusza Dobrostanu Caroll Ryff. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 20(4), 815-835. https://doi.org/10.18290/rpsych.2017.20.4-4pl
Kasapoğlu, F., Yabanigül, A. (2018). Marital Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction: The Mediating Effect of Spirituality. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 3(2), 177-195. https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2018.3.2.0048
Kerry, N., Prokosch M.L., Murray D.R. (2023). The Holy Father (and Mother)? Multiple Tests of the Hypothesis That Parenthood and Parental Care Motivation Lead to Greater Religiosity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 49(5), 709-726. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672221076919
King, L.A., Hicks, J.A. (2021). The Science of Meaning in Life. Annual Review of Psychology, 72, 561-584. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-072420-122921
Krause, N., Hayward, R.D. (2012). Religion, Meaning in Life, and Change in Physical Functioning During Late Adulthood. Journal of Adult Development 19(3), 158-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-012-9143-5
Krok, D. (2015)a. Striving for Significance: The Relationships Between Religiousness, Spirituality, and Meaning in Life. Implicit Religion, 18(2), 233-257. https://doi.org/10.1558/imre.v18i2.20446
Krok, D. (2015)b. The Role of Meaning in Life Within the Relations of Religious Coping and Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Religion and Health, 54(6), 2292-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9983-3
Kuhnt, A.K., Trappe, H. (2016). Channels of social influence on the realization of short-term fertility intentions in Germany. Advances in Life Course Research, 27(1), 16-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2015.10.002
Lachowska, B., Matuszewska, A., Lachowski, S. (2017). System wartości kobiet a ich postawy wobec macierzyństwa. Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio, 29(1), 67-79.
Lent, R.W. (2004). Toward a Unifying Theoretical and Practical Perspective on Well-Being and Psychosocial Adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(4), 482-509. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.4.482
Martos, T., Thege, B.K., Steger, M.F. (2010). It’s not only what you hold, it’s how you hold it: Dimensions of religiosity and meaning in life. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(8), 863-868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.017
Mencarini, L., Vignoli, D., Zeydanli, T., Kim, J. (2018). Life satisfaction favors reproduction. The universal positive effect of life satisfaction on childbearing in contemporary low fertility countries. PLoS One, 13(12), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206202
Miller, W.B. (2011). Differences between fertility desires and intentions: implications for theory, research and policy. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 9, 75-98.
Morse, J.L., Steger, M.F. (2019). Giving Birth to Meaning: Understanding Parenthood Through the Psychology of Meaning in Life. (In:) O. Taubman-Ben-Ari (ed.), Pathways and Barriers to Parenthood. Existential Concerns Regarding Fertility, Pregnancy, and Early Parenthood, 1-17, New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24864-2_1
Mynarska, M., Rytel, J. (2014). Pomiar motywacji do posiadania dzieci wśród osób bezdzietnych. Polska adaptacja Kwestionariusza Motywów Rodzicielskich. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 19(4), 522-543.
Mynarska, M., Rytel, J. (2020). Fertility Desires of Childless Poles: Which Childbearing Motives Matter for Men and Women?, Journal of Family Issues, 41(1), 7-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19868257
Nachoum, R., Moed, A., Madjar, N., Kanat-Maymon, Y. (2021). Prenatal childbearing motivations, parenting styles, and child adjustment: A longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 35(6), 715-724. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000826
Nelson, J.J., Uecker, J.E. (2018). Are Religious Parents More Satisfied Parents? Individual- and Couple-Level Religious Correlates of Parenting Satisfaction. Journal of Family Issues, 39(7), 1770-1796. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X17728983
Nelson, S.K., Kushlev, K., English, T., Dunn, E.W., Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). In Defense of Parenthood: Children Are Associated With More Joy Than Misery, Psychological Science, 24(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612447798
Nelson, S.K., Kushlev, K., Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). The pains and pleasures of parenting: When, why, and how is parenthood associated with more or less well-being? Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 846-895. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035444
Nelson, S.K., Lyubomirsky, S. (2015). Juggling family and career: Parents’ pathways to a balanced and happy life. (In:) R.J. Burke, K.M. Page, C.L. Cooper (eds.), Flourishing in life, work and careers: Individual wellbeing and career experiences, 100-118, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783474103.00015
Newton, T., McIntosh, D.N. (2013). Unique Contributions of Religion to Meaning. (In:) J. Hicks, C. Routledge (eds.), The Experience of Meaning in Life. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6527-6_20
Niemiec, C.P. (2023). Eudaimonic Well-Being. (In:) F. Maggino (ed.), Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 2212-2214, New York: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_929
Okun, B.S. (2017). Religiosity and Fertility: Jews in Israel. European Journal of Population, 33(4), 475-507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-016-9409-x
Palkovitz, R. (2002). Involved fathering and child development: Advancing our understanding of good fathering, (In:) C.S. Tamis-LeMonda, N. Cabrera (eds.), Handbook of father involvement: Multidisciplinary perspectives, 119-140, New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Park, C.J., Yoo, S-K. (2016). Meaning in life and its relationships with intrinsic religiosity, deliberate rumination, and emotional regulation. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 19(4), 325-335. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12151
Park, C.L. (2013). Religion and meaning. (In:) R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park (eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality, 357-378 New York: The Guilford Press.
Pezeshki, M.Z., Zeighami, B., Miller, W.B. (2005). Measuring the childbearing motivation of couples referred to the Shiraz Health Center for premarital examination. Journal of Biosocial Science, 37, 37-53.
Richter, N., Hunecke, M. (2021). The mindful hedonist? Relationships between well-being orientations, mindfulness and well-being experiences. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 22(7), 3111-3135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00358-5
Rodzeń, W., Kilik, M.M., Malinowska, A., Kroplewski, Z., Szcześniak, M. (2021). The Loss of Self-Dignity and Anger among Polish Young Adults: The Moderating Role of Religiosity. Religions, 12(4), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12040284
Rosina, A., Testa, M.R. (2009). Couples’ first child intentions and disagreement: An analysis of the Italian case. European Journal of Population/Revue Européenne de Démographie, 25(4), 487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-009-9188-8
Ryff, C.D. (2014). Psychological Well-Being Revisited: Advances in the Science and Practice of Eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(1), 10-28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263
Ryff, C.D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is It? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081.
Santos, M.C. (2012). Meaning in life and subjective well-being: is a satisfying life meaningful? Researchers World–Journal of Arts Sciences and Commerce, 3(4), 32-40.
Steger, M.F. (2012). Experiencing meaning in life: optimal functioning at the nexus of spirituality, psychopathology, and well-being. The Human Quest for Meaning: Theories, Research and Applications, 165-184.
Szykuła, R. (2022). Logoterapia i analiza egzystencjalna. Teoria i praktyka. Warszawa: Eneteia.
To, S.M. (2015). Development and Validation of a Quantitative Measure for Chinese Sources of Parental Meaning, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 3580-3594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0168-9
Trzebińska, E. (2008). Lepsze zdrowie dzięki większemu szczęściu. (In:) I. Heszen, J. Życińska (eds.), Psychologia zdrowia: w poszukiwaniu pozytywnych inspiracji, 25-39, Warszawa: Academica.
Varas, V.V., Borsa, J.C. (2022). Warren Miller and the T-D-I-B reproductive decision-making model: A theoretical review. Revista Psicologia em Pesquisa, 16(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.34019/1982-1247.2022.v16.31757
Wang, X., Zhang, J., Wu, S., Xiao, W., Wang, Z., Li, F., Liu, X., Miao, D. (2021). Effects of meaning in life on subjective well-being: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 49(4), 1-11.
Zarzycka, B. (2007). Skala Centralności Religijności Stefana Hubera. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 10(1), 133-157.
Zarzycka, B. (2011). Polska Adaptacja Skali Centralności Religijności S. Hubera. (In:) M. Jarosz (ed.), Psychologiczny pomiar religijności, 231-261, Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL.